Characteristics of a Capitalist Society

Qualities of a Capitalist Society Title: What social, monetary or social qualities characterize a general public as industrialist? Which attributes have held consistent, and which been changed, in the period since the late eighteenth century? As indicated by sources, it was William Makepeace Thackeray who at first applied the idea of ‘capitalism’ in 1854 to characterize the responsibility for. Since the commencement, the term free enterprise has been firmly connected with other related thoughts, including: advertise private enterprise, free enterprise (unadulterated private enterprise), monetary progressivism, private endeavor etc[1]. Free enterprise changed feudalism in the Western world, specifically Britain, from where it had thrived all through Europe foreordaining financial, social and political improvements of the then society. Afterward, over the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years, private enterprise shaped the grounds of industrialization[2]. In any case, in particular the eighteenth century got significant in the establishment of private enterprise idea after the main financial school was built up in Britain. The school has delivered a great part of the basic idea in the field of old style po litical economy upheld by the important commitments of David Ricardo, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Baptiste Say et al who completely explored different ways merchandise were created, conveyed and traded under economic situations. To be specific, those traditional musings have set the establishments of the contemporary impression of capitalism[3]. During the eighteenth century the idea of private enterprise was highly marketed and ruled by traders. Subsequently, before eighteenth century's over, mercantilism was in critical waterways since trade movement couldn't longer give adequate assets to keep up military uses of those states that relied upon business. The resulting mechanical upheaval was another main impetus that had increased the emergency since the new industrializing nations were scrutinizing the genuine estimation of mercantilist rehearses. Over the span of the modern transformation, traders were supplanted by industrialists to overwhelm the entrepreneur framework and decrease the jobs of ordinary craftsmanship workers, including societies, craftsmans and understudies. Different impacts included the progression of bourgeoisie as a prevailing social class just as gigantic motorization of horticulture. Being the focal point of the Industrial Revolution in the mid-eighteenth century, Great Britain made a significant ef fect on the new impression of customary mercantilist conventions through crafted by monetary scholars who guaranteed that the worldwide riches was consistent and just states had the option to expand their own riches at the record of other (more fragile) states. As per Marx, since the last third of the eighteenth century modern private enterprise ought to be related with the accompanying variables: (1) improvement of the plant framework wherein fabricating depended on the mind boggling division and misuse of work inside work forms; (2) routine assignment of work obligations; and (3) the general strength of the industrialist method of production[4]. In the mid-eighteenth century, French physiocrat David Hume much added to the advancement of facilitated commerce just as the idea of land as the primary wellspring of riches. Later on, in 1759 Franã §ois Quesnay laid out further highlights of free enterprise in his Tableau Économique, wherein he gave the principal ever expository depiction of the economy, having foreordained the justification for the monetary hypothesis sent by physiocrats. These basic perspectives were firmly upheld by Anne Robert Jacques Turgot who pushed facilitated commerce rather than customs obligations and levy. All the more decisively, Richard Cantillon highlighted the thought of since a long time ago run balance being the parity of salary streams, called attention to the reliance among land and costs, and the effect gracefully and request had on present moment prices[5]. 1776 denoted the presence of Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations wherein the financial expert protected his angle in regards to common freedom framework and furiously restricted mercantilism. Now, as indicated by monetary scholars, the underlying foundations of old style political economy were put down. In particular, the financial expert sent a few private enterprise related ideas that are of extraordinary hypothetical and observational significance today. For example, Smith’s ‘invisible hand’ hypothesis of the market demonstrates that individual premium is a center essential of aggregate social great (riches). While sending his liberal financial ideas preferring free markets, Smith was energetically restricted by the notions of then oppressive mercantilist society[6]. Specifically, Smith seriously censured all types of state mediation in the economy, just as limitations forced by a state including obligations and taxes, and restraining infrastructures, the n again. At that he held a solid view that advertise alone had the option to decently redistribute all the accessible assets. More than that, Smith supported retaliatory duties as key piece of facilitated commerce, wherein licenses and copyrights empowered innovation[7]. In some time, Smith’s sees were upheld by David Ricardo the creator of the monetary law of relative bit of leeway sent in 1817 in The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, clarifying shared advantages of exchange between the gatherings, notwithstanding all conceivable financial contrasts between them. Along these lines, the idea of organized commerce was demonstrated. Guided by the Say’s Law, Ricardo underlined on the essentialness of full work empowering a serious economy with ordinary equilibrium[8]. Moreover, Ricardo supported solid interrelation between the adjustments in credit and financial amounts and swelling, and accentuated on the unavoidable losses featuring the reliance of extra dat a sources and outputs[9]. Following Smith’s thoughts, Karl Marx unmistakably separated the utilization and trade estimation of items in the market. Thus, Marx saw capital as the worth made through the acquisition of products so as to make new items which trade worth would surpass the measure of beginning buys. Also, Marx considered the utilization of work power highlighted by certain trade esteem (for example wage) as an adequate item in the entrepreneur society. However, as per Marx, the estimation of work power has consistently been less contrasted with the worth conceivably picked up by the entrepreneur out of its utilization. Such standard contrast, as Marx contends, makes surplus worth extricated and amassed in the industrialist society. Marx’s essential work is named Capital, where he plainly recognized the entrepreneur method of creation. Unequivocally, to give an applicable proof Marx clarified how the overflow was separated by the capital proprietors from laborers through the deal estim ation of delivered commodities[10]. In due regard, Marx guaranteed that in particular excess worth extraction laid the justification for a battle between the classes. Along these lines, Marx thought about work as the essential wellspring of benefit. Furthermore, Marx held a solid supposition seeing an abused work as the main thrust that could reform communist style economies. Herewith, the examination of Marxian thinking accept that midway arranged economies for the most part settled in the previous socialist social orders generally mirrored the highlights of state free enterprise through the abuse of work power. In this manner, in 1916 Vladimir Lenin changed the thought of Marxian free enterprise into colonialism guaranteeing imposing business model private enterprise as the most elevated phase of private enterprise society in his Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism[11]. The German Historical School gave new understanding into the view of free enterprise as the proficient framework that provided markets with creation. In such a manner, this methodology featured the center contrast among private enterprise and past methods of financial action since free enterprise expected chief move from medieval limitations forced on cash and credit to the money related economy underscoring on the benefit. Another conspicuous mastermind that impacted the comprehension of recognizing attributes of private enterprise in the nineteenth century was Max Weber, German social scholar. Weber predominantly focused on advertise trade then again to creation, as the fundamental distinctive attribute of free enterprise. At that, he brought up that inside the entrepreneur mode undertakings concentrated on the legitimization of creation by amplifying profitability and efficiency[12]. In his basic work 1904-1905 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Weber followed the manner in which free enterprise changed past monetary frameworks. For this reason, the scholar featured the ‘spirit of capitalism’ specific to Puritan understanding of human working. Weber regarded that a commitment to God helped the Puritans to establish the frameworks of the then financial mode. Contrasted with Marx, Weber respected free enterprise in a more extensive point of view as opposed to simply an outcome brought about by the changes in the methods for production[13]. In this way, free enterprise, from Weber’s perspective, was the progressed monetary framework that had ever been created all through human development. Specifically, Weber recognized the accompanying distinctive qualities specific to private enterprise: open credit, corporate business, and extension of administration. Being against communist comments against private enterprise, Weber himself reprimanded the extremely monetary framework as one that presented danger to the customary social q ualities shared by the general public just as the one that compelled human opportunity. In particular, Weber much censured ‘spiritless specialists’ and ‘heartless hedonists’ who shared nothing for all intents and purpose with the certifiable Puritan soul specific to capitalism[14]. During 1930-s, John Maynard Keynes affected the idea of private enterprise and the job of money related strategy. The Bri

Discovering Church Membership Essay Example for Free

Finding Church Membership Essay Superman, Batman and Robin, Wonder Woman, Spiderman, Fantastic four, and The Incredibles are the instances of the mainstream superheroes that spared individuals in the hands of wickedness. At times you’re dreaming to be one of them, solid, quick, flying, undetectable and distant. In any case, truly all superheroes are false, they are only an animal and result of innovative brain. They just exist in the realm of diversion. No superhuman can spare us from death, even an incredible specialist, or a president, neither a five star general. Positively, we are on the whole going to leave this world, we will withdraw from our family, one day we’re going to lose our faculties, we can't talk, we can’t see, our heart will quit siphoning and pulsating, our shrewd psyche will be die, our body will return to tidy. It sounds horrendous, alarmed, and its terrifying. In any case, the inquiry is, are you prepared for that second. Nobody recognizes what will occur later on, for one minutes from now or seconds of our life. For example, your going to kick the bucket today, where do you believe is your goal? Where is your spirit heading of? Paradise or damnation? Numerous individuals are not intrigued to talk about and dismiss this point on the grounds that for some of them it is silly, however, we should address this issue appropriately on the grounds that post-existence is unceasing, once you’re there you can't return or move to the opposite side. Life is dubious, that’s why we need the affirmation of salvation that we won't damnation! We must be spared, we need a friend in need, even Superman and Zorro needs the Lord, much the same as a superhuman who needs a genuine Knights and Shining Armor! We need God, The Lord Jesus Christ! The Bible says: I am the way, reality, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father however by me. (John 14:6) God made us as an impression of His picture, we are His gem! He gave us the entire thing we need and permitted us to manage the earth as per His motivation for the explanation that God adores us. (Beginning 1:26-30, Jeremiah 31:3, Ephesians 1: 4-5) He needs us to get joy from the quality and decency of His creation. However, we are not placated. What's more, the transgressions entered! Since man has the normal conduct of being an ace to his own self and to do the things that can totally satisfy his craving, regardless of the magnificent arrangement of God for us we mean to seek after what we long for, whether it is correct or wrong. We are not satisfied in Gods astounding adored, we ignored Him, accordingly, our own will occurred and not the aim of God in our life, what is the centrality of having the whole world by our own capacity however loses our own special soul. Concerning what the Bible says: Wherefore, as by one man sin went into the world, and demise by transgression; thus demise went upon all men, for that all have trespassed: (Romans 5:12) If somebody acclaimed that he is an equitable man he’s duping his own self, and he is denouncing God of being a fraud. It's not possible for anyone to state that he doesn’t submit any wrongdoing and depict as spotless in light of the fact that as indicated by the Bible: â€Å"If we state that we never sin. We are just tricking ourselves, and decline to acknowledge reality. † (1 John 1:8). For all have trespassed, and miss the mark regarding the brilliance of God; (Romans 3:23) If we state that we have not trespassed, we make him a liar, and his assertion isn't in us. (1 John 1:10) Sins frustrate us to see the integrity of God. It ruins our clinging to Him. It makes us apprehensive the Lord and lives independently from His arrangement. â€Å"The inconvenience is that your transgressions have cut you off from God. † (Isaiah 59:2) Just a straightforward lie of not coming clean that you have trespassed is a wrongdoing or not keeping the guidelines and guidelines of your school, even not complying with the standard given by the administration or by our folks is a transgression. Let us state that you are a standard young person at 15 years old who render a solitary sin in a day, it makes 7 sins in seven days, 30 sins in a month and immense 365 sins for the entire year. In the event that we tally your wrongdoings when you arrived at the age of 7 up to now, it has an aftereffect of 3,285 sins. Imagine a scenario where you are submitting more than one sin in a day and you are over fifteen years old at this point. This is the idea of individual to fall into wrongdoing and the result of this is endless passing in the Hades. â€Å"For the wages of transgression is demise. † (Romans 6:23a) Whether we like it or not, we can do nothing to spare ourselves from the consuming hellfire. The great deeds we’re doing are insufficient for us to be spared. Regardless of whether we go to chapel regular, do a foundation works, help the penniless, it’s all futile. The way to salvation is just the beauty of God and having confidence on Him. He is the appropriate response and not the things we’ve attempting to force. We’re simply getting worn out and worried of accomplishing something however at long last the entirety of our endeavors are futile. The most noticeably awful of it is that it drives us to no place. â€Å"There are ways that appear to be on the right track to man, however they just end in death. † (Proverbs 16:25) â€Å"For it is by elegance you are spared, through confidence †and this not from yourselves, it is the endowment of God not by works with the goal that nobody can gloat. † (Ephesians 2:8-9) But on the grounds that God Almighty is devoted and He really cherishes us He gave us His lone generated child for us to be spared. (John 3:16) Jesus chose to follow the decree of His dad in Heaven, Jesus came to complete God’s work of salvation. As the Bible says: â€Å"Then Jesus clarified: â€Å"My sustenance originates from doing the desire of God, who sent me and from completing his work† (John 4:34) He acknowledged all the arraignments and obscenities with no second thoughts. A huge number of years prior Jesus Christ conveyed every one of our transgressions. He got the cross to the Calvary. He got several strips from the whips and shed His valuable blood. Nailed on the cross and kicked the bucket for you and me! Following three days emerged once more, restored from the grave and satisfied His guarantee! (John section 19-21) (Matthew part 27-28) We required not to rebuff ourselves. God didn’t required or advised us to likewise shed our blood for our own salvation since Jesus did it as of now! It is done, Jesus said! The words He proclaimed (it is done) implies that our transgressions are completely taken care of by Him and took care of the full punishment for our wrongdoings. With His demise, the complex conciliatory framework finished on the grounds that Jesus took all wrongdoing upon himself. (John 19:30) Jesus was the supreme and last penance for the offenses of the considerable number of individuals. Presently we can openly move toward God on account of what Jesus accomplished for us. The individuals who put stock in Jesus’ passing and revival can live forever with God and departure the punishment that originates from wrongdoing; we just need to do the accompanying: 1. Recognize that we are a delinquent. Wherefore, as by one man sin went into the world, and demise by wrongdoing; thus demise went upon all men, for that all have trespassed: (Romans 5:12) If we state that we have not trespassed, we make him a liar, and his assertion isn't in us. (1 John 1:10) 2. Apologize in our offenses. Jesus stated: I let you know, with the exception of ye atone, ye will all in like manner die. (Luke 13:5) And the hours of this obliviousness God winked at; yet now order all men wherever to atone: (Acts 17:30) 3. Acknowledge that Jesus Christ passed on for you, was covered, and became alive once again. For God so cherished the world that he gave his lone conceived Son, that whosoever believeth in him ought not die, however have everlasting life. (John 3:16) But God recognize his adoration toward us, in that, while we were yet heathens. Christ passed on for us. (Romans 5:8) That if thou will admit with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and will have confidence in your heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou will be spared. (Romans 10:9) 4. Solicitation Jesus as close to home rescuer through petition For with the heart man believeth unto exemplary nature; and with the mouth admission is made unto salvation. (Romans 10:10) For whosoever will call upon the name of the Lord will be spared. (Romans 10:13) What to implore: Dear God, I am a miscreant and need absolution. I accept that Jesus Christ shed His valuable blood and kicked the bucket for my transgression. I will abandon sin. I currently welcome Christ to come into my heart and life as my own Savior. In any case, the same number of as got him, to them gave he capacity to turn into the children of God, even to them that accept on his name: John 1:12) Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is another animal: old things are died; view everything is gotten new. (2 Corinthians 5:17) Now is the time that God is thumping in our heart. He needs to place our name in the book of Heaven. Jesus needs us to tail Him. It doesn’t imply that tolerant Jesus in our heart makes us bizarre, yet rather it makes us a child of God! We are not, at this point a gentile yet a genuinely home of Heaven. Don’t let this open door die, experience His essence! Unique Gods plan was for us to offer greatness to Him and to go along with Him in the seat of the Almighty God. Despite the fact that we trespassed, God is so dedicated and just to excuse us! Through petition we can experience His essence. He will address our heart simply tune in for what His adage, converse with God, simply concede that we are a heathen, request absolution and let Jesus rule our life! Make Him as our own God and Savior, and experience His astonishing affection and plentiful gift! After we acknowledged Christ, read His statement (Bible) ordinary, discover a Christ and Bible focused church. Affirm His decency and show all the individuals on the planet that we previously met a valid and cherishing superhuman! Superhuman of superman and Batman, and can be a hero of all, Jesus Christ Our Lord and Savior! Works Cited Warren, Rick. â€Å"Discovering Church Membership† Class 101: 3-8 http://www. ccc. organization. ph Porter, Robert Ford. â€Å"Gods Simple Plan† (1991) http://www. godssimpleplan. organization/gsps-english. html Gods Plan of Salvation (1984-2009) http://www. chick. com/data/general/salvation. asp

Minor Changes - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Minor Changes - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Minor Changes After about a year and a half of managing the UGA Admissions blog, I think it is about time to make a few modifications to the site. I will be making changes slowly over the next few months, with some being functional and some being cosmetic in nature. A few days ago, I added the Subscribe Via Email link in the right hand column so that you can receive an email every time I add a post. In addition, there have been some requests to try to organize the comments a little better. While I do not control all aspects of the functional part of the blog (thanks Blogger!), I an able to add some new features as they become available to the blogging world. One such feature is a different style of comments that will order the responses better. In addition, while the look of the site is not bad, it could definitely use a little more excitement and color. Dont fear, I will not be making any radical changes, just some needed additions. Please let me know if you have any suggestions for the blog as far as features, and I will see what can be done. Go Dawgs!

Pro Imperialism - 791 Words

Pro Imperialism First of all, history is survival of the fittest. Basically history of mankind is of stronger people subduing weaker people. We must annex territory otherwise it is in jeopardy of Spanish colonial rule. If we do not annex foreign land someone else will. Cuba is our neighbor. It is a stone’s throw away from the State of Florida. Is it right to ignore the plight of the people of Cuba? They have been fighting for their freedom and independence almost continuously since 1878. The Spanish Empire has committed many unspeakable acts on this island since the fighting began. The Spanish Empire is mistreating our neighbors in Cuba. It is well within our Monroe Doctrine tradition to ask that Spain give up the control of Cuba†¦show more content†¦Now, we’re involved in a possible conflict with Spain. It is possible that we might engage in an epic naval battle with the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. Hawaiian Islands provide us with the perfect coal station for ou r Navy and supply ships on the way to the Philippines. It is in America’s best interest to annex Hawaii as soon as possible. If we do not act quickly, the British might annex Hawaii. There’s no time to waste. The Filipinos have been fighting against the Spanish rule for some time now. Are we going to help them achieve their independence from Spanish rule? If we deem that they’d be better of being independent, we will assist them. But, if we deem that they’d benefit from being annexed, we might go ahead and add the Philippines to our oversea possessions. Like with the Hawaiians, the Filipinos will benefit from the Christianization of their islands. With the influx of American values, cultures, and language, we will be doing any country annexed a favor by allowing them into our nations cultural and economic prosperity. Anti-Imperialism America must not be looking for monsters to slay in the world. I am worried that America might become an overbearing power to our Latin neighbors in the future with this precedence in Cuba. What about Hawaii and the Philippines? These island nations are not in the Western Hemisphere, and yet, we are looking into possible annexation. I am afraid that America’s insatiable thirst for territoriesShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Pros and Cons of Imperialism540 Words   |  3 Pagespolitical or cultural life is called as imperialism. Imperialism is often separated into two sects. The first one is old imperialism, which was the period from the 1500s to the 1800s, where European nation started to colonize many areas such as the Americas, and parts of Southeast Asia. On the other hand, the new imperialism was the period between the years â€Å"1870-1914†, where Europe became more focused on expanding their land into Asia and Africa. Imperialism had many pros and cons. 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The Effects of the Social Reforms of the Labour Government...

The Effects of the Social Reforms of the Labour Government of 1945-1951 The Beveridge Report was published in 1942. Written by the Liberal Sir William Beveridge, it had identified what he called the â€Å"five giants† – the five gravest problems of British society. They were idleness (unemployment), want (poverty), disease, squalor and ignorance. Beveridge argued for a comprehensive social insurance scheme, universal access to healthcare and new attempts to avoid the mass unemployment of the 30’s. The report was wildly popular amongst the public, who bought 625,000 copies of this rather dry, academic policy document. It seemed that during the worst, least hopeful times of the war, the British public†¦show more content†¦The cost of a large army, navy and bases across the world; the cost of acquiring nuclear weapons and wartime debts bore down on the country’s finances. 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The significance of the republic policies were great, they brought a lot of growth in the 20’s allowing the market to strive over lots of trading and the purchase of shares, but was also an unstable market, as the government had no control over what it did and was left up to the private sector almost to run the market. Entry of the United States world war 1 Non-Intervention - The United States originally pursued a policy of non-intervention, avoiding conflict

Generic devolopment proces Free Essays

The work undertaken so far has proven that the development of a process map is gaining momentum within the construction industry as a whole. The Lethal inspired CRISP (Construction Research and Innovation Strategy Panel) community has in principle adopted the Process Protocol as a basis for its activities in terms of promoting process thinking in the construction industry. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Generic devolopment proces or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction The need for improvement to the conventional design and construction process in the construction industry is well reported. Emerson (1962), Bankable (1964), and Lethal (1994) have all commented upon the need for change, and each highlight similar problem areas. Fundamentally, the need for improvement is related to the poor performance commonly associated with building projects. Typically, this performance is measured in terms of cost, time and/or quality. Unfortunately, it is the UK Construction Industry response to the need for change that has perpetuated and even perhaps fostered this problem. For example, Franks (1990) and Master (1992) presented the evolution of the range of procurement systems currently on offer to potential construction project clients as driven ultimately by the ‘product’ view, and the need to optimism cost, time and quality. Yet, whilst many of the more recent approaches to construction procurement (I. E. Design and Build, Construction Management) apparently attempt to address ‘process issues’, such as communication, in reality they fundamentally fail. In a survey conducted by Hubbard Disbarred (1996), a sample of 64 respondents (representing both clients and consultants) demonstrated that contract time performance was a factor considered to be relatively insignificant, when compared to there problems commonly associated with construction projects as shown in table 2. 1. Furthermore, Mortgaged Shari (1996) reported that from a total of 21 5 projects surveyed, 136 (63%) were delivered later than expected â€Å"†¦ In terms of the dates fixed by the contract or the dates given to the client for completion. † No. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Variables Changing requirements Design team Communication Cost control Identification of responsibility Supply of information Quality Design faults Contract time performance Other factors Type of contract Percentage 25 18 6. 3 4. 7 3. 1 1. 6 Table 2. : Ranking of problems with current procurement methods (Hubbard Disbarred, 1996) Mortgaged Shari (1996) go on to suggest that it is the ‘expectation’ rather than the delivery which is at fault. The conventional process of generating an ‘expected’ delivery date is considered the reason for this: â€Å"In some cases commercial, economic or political considerations can be a driver towards setting these unrealistic goals which become expectations and contract dates for lack of informed and unbiased advice. Consequently, construction performance falls short of expectations which were largely unachievable when they ere established. † A number of lessons can be learned from the manufacturing sector with regards to the implementation and practical use of a ‘process view within the construction industry. The area within the manufacturing sector that relates closely to construction and building works is called new product development (NYPD). It concentrates in the development of an idea, need or client requirement to the final commercialism’s of the product e. G. A building or a car. A number of similarities can be found between the two industries with regards to the activities used for developing new products. For example they include: ; The start of a project can be initiated internally or by direct and/or indirect contact with the customers ; The development of the product requires the participation of a number of specialists and functions such as: designers, surveyors, marketing, stress analysts etc. ; The successful construction or manufacture of a building or product can only be achieved if all external (suppliers and consultants) and internal resources are utilizes and co- ordinate effectively ; The building or product is handed over to the customer/client and provisions are made for future support. However there are a number of distinct differences, the most important of which is that in the manufacturing industry all NYPD activities are co-ordinate, managed and controlled using a common framework which is the NYPD process. The construction industry mainly, uses ad-hoc methods for achieving the latter and therefore reducing repeatability of process execution, resulting in the same mistakes occurring time after time. This shift into the establishment of a consistent process for the construction industry requires a new way of thinking entailing a change of culture and working practices. Furthermore, it requires: ; a good understanding of current practices and future trends ; effective communication mechanisms of such processes, such as modeling ; agreement of participating parties Technology can then be used to enhance integration and sharing of information. In conjunction with a process map, an IT map should enable the effective use and co- ordination of technology based on a predetermined process framework. This paper proposes a process map which consists of a high level process and sub-processes (Activity Zones), which support the various phases of a construction project and the appropriate information technologies. 3. Methodology During the development of the Protocol a number of research methods have been used: 1. 4. 5. Retrospective and prospective case study analysis; Review and analysis of contemporary construction processes and practices; Review and analysis of concepts and practices applied within the manufacturing industries; Process modeling including various modeling tools and techniques; Iterative development using feedback from several industrial partners via interviews and workshop sessions and scenario building; The results to date of some of this work will be described in subsequent sections Principles As a result of the initial review of the literature, and the identification of the industry requirements through additional interviews with practitioners, six key principles are considered to provide the basis for an improved process. They are drawn heavily from the manufacturing sector where process thinking and continuous improvement has been focused upon for some 30 years. In addition, many of the principles relate to recognized problem areas in construction, where significant improvements have been called for (interracial Bankable, 1964; Lethal, 1994). The six principles are as follows: Whole Project View In the construction industry the definition of a project has traditionally being synonymous to actual construction works. As such the pre-construction and post- construction activities have been sidelined and often accelerated to reach the construction stage or to move on to the ‘new Job’. This has resulted in poor client requirements identification and delayed the exposure of any potential solutions to the need to any internal and external specialists. Any contemporary attempt to define or create a ‘design and construction process’ will have to cover the whole ‘life’ of a project from recognition of a need to the operation f the finished facility. This approach ensures that all issues are considered from both a business and a technical point of view. Furthermore this approach recognizes and emphasizes the inter-dependency of activities throughout the duration of a project. It also focuses at the front-end’ activities whereby attention is paid to the identification, definition and evaluation of client requirements in order to identify suitable solutions. A Consistent Process During the review of existing models and descriptions of the design and construction process, it was quickly established that little consistency existed. In such an environment, the problems encountered by temporary multi-organizations (TOM) working can be compounded. Luck Newcomer (1996) support this view, describing the ‘role ambiguity commonly associated with construction projects. Development of this generic Process Protocol provides the potential to establish its consistent application. Through consistency of use the scope for ambiguity should reduce. This, together with the adoption of a standard approach to performance measurement, evaluation and control, should facilitate a process of continual improvement in design and construction. Progressive Design Fixity The ‘stage-gate’ approach found in manufacturing processes (Cooper, 1994; ref. Fig. L) applies a consistent planning and review procedure throughout the Process. Phase Reviews are conducted at the end of each Phase with the aim of reviewing the work executed in the Phase, approving progress to the next Phase, and planning the resounding and execution of the next Phase. Cooper, in his third generation process, saw the need for ‘conditional-go’ decisions at phase gates, to accommodate aspects of concurrency. This philosophy is translated in the development of the Protocol’s phase gates. Phase gates are classed as either soft or hard, with the ‘soft gates’ allowing the potential for concurrency in the process, whilst ensuring that the key decision points in the process are respected. Fig. 4. 1 Cooper’s comparison of stage-gate processes (Cooper, 1994) The potential benefit of this approach is fundamentally the progressive fixing and/or approval of information throughout the Process. As Cooper(1994) states, the discipline of the Phase Review activity improved the conventional chaotic, ad-hoc approach of manufacturing to which the Construction Industry of today could be compared. Co-ordination Co-ordination is one area in which construction traditionally is perceived to perform poorly. This perception is supported by Bankable (1964) and Lethal (1994), in addition to many other reviews of the Industry. The need for improved co-ordination was also highlighted by the interviews with senior managers undertaken during the research project. It is therefore proposed that co-ordination of the Process Protocol is undertaken, principally, by the Process and Change Management Activity Zones. (see section 7) Appointed by the Client, the Process Manager will be delegated authority to plan and o-ordinate the participants and activities of each Phase, throughout the Process. The actions of the Process Manager are supported by the Change Manager, through which all information related to the project is passed. In this role, the Change Manager acts as the official interface between both the Activity Zones in the Process, and ultimately the Legacy Archive. Stakeholder Involvement Teamwork It has been recognized in the manufacturing industries that multi-function teams, established in a development process, reduces the likelihood of costly changes and production difficulties later on in the process by enabling design and manufacturing sections earlier in the process. Conventionally, many building projects comprise a team of participants assembled specifically to facilitate the development of that single. Consequently, a complete project team rarely works together on more than one project, and, as Somerville Stocks (1996) argue, this can negatively affect the assembled â€Å"team’s† performance. In addition, many key contributors are identified and included too late in the process. Project success relies upon the right people having the right information at the right time. Proactive resounding of Phases through the adoption of a ‘stakeholder’ view would ensure that appropriate participants (from each of the key functions) are consulted earlier in the Process than is traditionally the case. This, in itself, will not eliminate the problems associated with TOM working. However, the active involvement of all participants, especially in the early phases of a project, may subsequently help foster a team environment and encourage appropriate and timely communication and decision making. Feedback In addition to the direct teamwork problems associated with Tom’s, the ability to learn from experience is also hampered by the continual formation and break-up of project teams. Both success and failure can offer important lessons for the future, yet the fragmented and competitive nature of the Construction industry prevents the benefits of shared best practice being utilizes. The Phase Review Process facilitates a means by which project experiences can be recorded, throughout the Process, thereby informing later Phases and future projects. Competitive advantage will come from how such experiences are acted upon. (shared knowledge may not automatically reduce the competitiveness of companies working in construction. This Process Protocol therefore proposes the creation, maintenance and use of a Legacy Archive acts as a central repository, or information-spine (Sheath et. Al. , 1996), for the information generated through each of the phases of the process. The subsequent increase in awareness, project to project, has the potential for reducing risk and improving performance which over time may ultimately meet Lathe’s expectations. Process Development Given the apparent lack of commonality in the contemporary understanding of the design and construction process, an attempt was made to produce a model of the process which could be debated and subsequently refined towards a generic representation. The initial model was developed based upon existing descriptions of the design and construction process (inter alai Walker, 1989; Hughes, 1991), some case study data, and reviews of other published models (inter alai RIBS, 1980; Assassin, 1994; BAA, 1995) The DEFIED-O (Integration Definition language O for Function Modeling) process modeling technique was adopted, initially, as the most appropriate means of representing this process. The DEFIED-O technique essentially represents a process as a sequence of activities, described by a verb followed by a noun. Each activity has associated inputs, outputs, controls and mechanisms. It is this technique that has been used successfully to represent processes such as Assassin’s (1995) Integrated Building Process Model In developing a process model using the DEFIED-O technique, an initial step is the establishment of the activities that will comprise the model. In preliminary interviews and workshop sessions with the project’s in dustrial partners these activities were presented for discussion in the form of an Activity Hierarchy. However, initial reactions to this were poor, principally because such an approach did not facilitate communication of the process, either quickly or clearly. Moreover, it was found that the industrial partners to the project, at this stage, also preferred to concentrate on the general principles of the process, in preference to the detail of the activities involved. This preference for principles was found to have a certain congruence with other models of manufacturing processes. Cooper’s discussion of the evolution of the ‘stage-gate’ models in manufacturing (Cooper, 1994), and other (inter alai GAP (1990), Fissions) industrial models, demonstrate this. In such models the graphical representation of the process conveys it’s inherent reminisces. As Rousseau (1996) notes, such process models are â€Å"an effective way to show how a process works†. In their definition; â€Å"A process map consists of an X and a Y axis, which show process sequence (or time) and process participants, respectively. The horizontal X axis illustrates time in process and the individual process activities or gates. The Y axis shows the departments or functions participating in the process†¦ † (p. 444) Beyond this convention, there appears to be little formality in the method used to represent a process. Furthermore, it could be argued that the elated informality of the modeling process enhanced the contributions of the project’s partner representatives. Through several workshop sessions, the model was revised and deliberated by the partner representatives. As Rousseau (1996) argues, this â€Å"participative† approach to design makes any new process easier to accept and use. In an industry with a ‘need for change’ such an approach must be considered appropriate. Thus, through a process of gradual refinement, progress was made towards an agreed version, the Process Protocol, which this paper presents. 6. The Process Protocol The draft Process Protocol Model is presented in Fig. . 1 . Essentially, the model breaks down the design and construction process into 10 distinct phases. These 10 phases are grouped into 4 broad stages, namely Pre-pro]etc, Pre-Construction, Construction and Post-construction. Pre-project Stage The Pre-project Phases relate to the strategic business considerations of any potential project which aims to address a client’s need. Throughout the Pre-project Phases the client’s need is progressively defined and assessed with the aim of: 1. Determining the need for a construction project solution, and 2. Securing outline financial authority to proceed to the Pre-Construction Phases. In currently acknowledged models of the design and construction process (inter alai RIBS, 1980; British Property Federation, 1983; – Hughes, 1991 provides a comprehensive review), and recently published client-focused guides (CIRRI, 1995), this stage of a project is given scant consideration, when compared to the latter stages. However, the models assume that when approaching the Construction Industry, clients have already established the need’. Whilst there is little evidence to suggest this is not the case, it would seem reasonable to assume that the knowledge possessed by speculative alluding developers and consultants could assist any client in these early stages of a project. The problems associated with the translation of this need through the conventional briefing stage of design (Reilly, 1987) have the potential for substantial elimination via such an approach. Pre-Construction Stage With outline financial approval obtained, the Process progresses through to the Pre- Construction Phases where the defined client’s need is developed into an appropriate design solution. Like many conventional models of the design process, the Pre- Construction Phases develop the design through a logical sequence, with the aim of levering approved production information. The Phase Review Process, however, adds the potential for the progressive fixing of the design, together with it’s concurrent development, within a formal, co-ordinate framework. Progressive fixity should not be confused with ‘design freeze’, although to some this may be a desired aspect of the process. The major benefit of the fixity of design is the potential for improved communication and co-ordination between the project’s participants as they pass through each Phase. Given the dynamic market conditions which influence any construction client’s decisions, the need for flexibility must be addressed by the industry. At the end of the Pre-Construction Phases, the aim is to secure full financial authority to proceed. Only upon such authority will the Construction Phase commence, and this decision will be easier to make where the extent of the works, and it’s associated risks can be readily understood. Construction Stage The Construction Phase is solely concerned with the production of the project solution. It is here that the full benefits of the co-ordination and communication earlier in the Process may be fully realized. Potentially, any changes in the client’s requirements will be minimal, as the increased cost of change as the design progresses should be fully understood by the time on-site construction work begins. The ‘hard gate’ that divides the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases should not prevent a Workplace’ approach to construction, and the associated delivery time benefits this brings. As with all activities in the process, where concurrency is possible, it can be accommodated. The hard and soft gates that signify Phase Reviews merely require that before such an activity is carried out, approval is ranted. Post-construction Stage Upon completion of the Construction Phase, the Process Protocol continues into the Post-construction Phases which aim to continually monitor and manage the maintenance needs of the constructed facility. Again, the full involvement of facilities management specialists at the earlier stages of the process should make the enactment of such activities less problematic. The need for surveys of the completed property, for example, should be avoided as all records of the development of the facility should have been recorded by the project’s Legacy Archive. Figure 6. 1 . The Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol Model 7. The Sub-processes: ‘Activity Zones’ The earlier involvement of the project’s participants, throughout the process is a significant development of the conventional approach to building. Traditionally, a construction project’s participants are referred to by their professional or expert status. Ball (1988) demonstrates how this may be attributed to the inherent class relations associated with each of the professions and expert groups. As with all class distinctions, the effect that this basis for organizational structure in design and instruction has is division. A consequence of this traditional approach, by which even the more recent forms of contract procurement (design and build, management contracting, etc. ) are included, is the poor communication and coordination commonly associated with construction projects. The participants in the Process Protocol are referred to in terms of their primary responsibilities, and are represented on the Y-axis of the Process Model. It is recognized that traditionally, project to project, organizational roles and responsibilities change, resulting in ambiguity and confusion (Luck Newcomer, 1996). By basing the enactment of the process upon the primary responsibility required, the scope for confusion is potentially reduced, and the potential for effective communication and co-ordination increased. The Process Protocol groups the participants in any project into ‘Activity Zones’. These zones are not functional but rather they are multi-functional and they represent structured sets of tasks and processes which guide and support work towards a common objective (for example to create an appropriate design solution). A single person or firm can carry out an activity zone in small-projects but in large ND complex projects, an activity zone may consist of a complex network of people and between relevant functions and/or organizations. Since they are multi-functional, membership of the ‘zones’ is determined by the specific project task and/or process. For example Design Management often has important input in the Production Management and Facilities Management activity zones, amongst others and vice- versa. Of the activity zones associated with the model, not all will be discussed here. Most of the ‘zones’ are self-explanatory. However, the role of the Process/Change Management and Development Management activity zones will be described, as they present a significant departure from the conventional view of the design and construction process. Development Management The Development Management activity zone is fundamentally the client/customer for the potential project. In the Protocol scenario, it is ultimately responsible for the success or failure of the project. Representing the major stakeholder in the process, it has an important role. It is via the brief prepared by the Development Management that the client/customer’s needs are presented and ultimately interpreted. The Development Management is the only constant ‘player’ in the process. All other activity zones potentially consist of a dynamic membership, as the needs of the project develop throughout the process. The extent to which the other participants in the process, particularly the Process Management, have authority to proceed is delegated by the Development Management. It is they who will ultimately review the work of the project’s participants and sanction progress or cessation. Development Management is responsible for creating and maintaining business focus throughout he project, which satisfies both relevant organizational and stakeholder objectives and constraints. For example, a proposed speculative office development needs to satisfy the developers objectives (say, return on capital) and constraints (say, available finance), as well as fulfilling other stakeholder considerations (say, compliance with prevailing planning concerns). Process / Change Management The Process and Change Management activity zones are essentially the interface between the Development Management and the other project participants. Process Management has a role independent of all other activity zones. A distinction must be dad between this conventional view of a project manager and the Process Management role. Process Management, as the title suggests, is concerned with the enactment of the process, rather than the project. Key to the success of each Phase in the process is the production of project deliverables (reports and documentation associated with each Phase). In this respect the Process Management is responsible for facilitating and co-ordination the participants required to produce the necessary deliverables. Acting as the Development Management’s ‘agent’, it will ensure the enactment of each Phase as planned, culminating with the presentation of the How to cite Generic devolopment proces, Papers

The Crusades Essays (717 words) - Christianization, Crusades

The Crusades The Crusades were just a war waged over power, fear, and interest. The purpose of the Crusades was to recapture the Christian Holy Land from the Muslims, Arabs, and even the Turks. The Crusades were stirred up and sponsored by the papacy. It is the will of G-d, claimed Pope Urban II. His statement was not the only reason as to why the majority of the Christian population decided to engage in war against the nonbelievers. Pope Urban II's statement seems more like an excuse to make the war seem just and rightful in the name of G-d. The Crusades were expeditions undertaken in fulfillment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy Land from Muhammedan tyranny. By the late 11th century, the leaders of the Byzantine Empire the West for help, particularly to Pope Gregory VII. After hearing this, he planned to make an expedition to the east in support of the Byzantine Emperor, but was preoccupied by investiture controversy with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. Finally, Pope Urban II gave his sanction to those nobles who were inclined to respond. In Clermont, he gave a speech, which caught the attention of the west. In his speech, he included all the motivations needed for the people to participate in the Crusades, and most of these reasons were not because it was ?God's will', but promises of secular things such as more land, wealth, and power. It is the will of God, is what Pope Urban II said himself, but he definitely had other things in mind. Since the Greek Church of Byzantium and the Roman Church of the West were split by a theological disagreement, Urban believed that the Crusades would lead to a strong Roman influence in Greek territories, and would eventually lead to the reunion of both churches. Urban also hoped that if he called for an expedition to the East, carried out under papal leadership and his noblemen supporters, this would boost his position in the ongoing Investiture Controversy with the Holy Roman Empire. Pope Urban II was not the only person in mind; thinking that this so called holy war would bring him power and leadership. Many knights thought that they could achieve more power when fighting for the Holy Land, while conquering more land. In this way, the knights would become more superior because land meant power. Everybody, especially during the Crusades, had a specific goal that they wanted to achieve, which opened up many doors and opportunities for the people. It was not purely a fight for God, and many problems coexisted within the minds of the individual Crusaders and their interests. For the curious and adventurous people, this was an opportunity for foreign travel and excitement. However, many people died, and often their estates that they left back were passed on to the Middle Class creditors. The kings benefited from the Crusades, because in order for them to build a strong state, this gave them the chance to get rid of the troublesome knights. The main, original purpose of the Crusades was to recapture Jerusalem, the Holy Land from the Christian enemies, but the result of the Crusades, became everything but the original purpose. After the Crusades, traffic between the East and the West was re-established. A money currency developed for trade, and larger cities were established. The Crusades were the origin of geographical explorations made by Marco Polo, who brought the culture of Asia and China to Europe. At a still later date, it was the same spirit of the many Crusaders that spirited great explorers such as Christopher Columbus, when he took his dangerous voyage to the unknown world. The Christian civilization of Europe became an international culture that had set the highest peak of explorations, in no small measure to the Crusades. The Crusades wasn't in fact at all just because even though they said that they would fight in the name of the Lord, that didn't give them the right to set out and kill thousands of people, including the non-combatants. The Crusades is just called the Holy War because the Papal Church incurred it. It was just like any other war that had occurred along the course of history, because