American Society Today

The society of America today is total different for most Americans then what it was during the 1950s , 1960s , 1970s and on into the 80s. America today is one were black people have the vote and have the same rites as white men and women. Today the leader of the free world is Black some thing that many though would never happen in there generation. But there are still inequality in America today. Urban ghettos are still mostly full of uneducated black people. Black men in America are four times more likely to go to prison. Drop out rates for black students are higher then white and those going on to collage and university is lower then whites. This problem goose back centres. The problem is not because of today issue ( but they don’t help ) its because of how they were treated 100 of years. Black people were first bought over to America for free labour. They were bought over from African costal countries. They helped build the new America. The land of the free which we all know was not through. After the civil war and when slavery final became illegal. The black people of America started in a world that still had ways of putting them down. Also this lead to racial conflict. Examples of laws agents black people were Jim Crow laws. These were laws that made segregation the right of way for millions of people things like black people had to us different rest rooms to white people. Black people could not eat in the same area as white people. Black people could not site beside white people on bus and any other forms of public transport . All these laws enforced the idea that white people were inferior to black people and other ethnic groups like Asian and Latinos. After years of abuse from there own federal and state governments plus from normally every day people and groups like the KKK. Black people be came sick and tired of being suppressed. This is when things like the civil rights movement began to form. The civil rights movement most know able leader was Martin Luther King. A black doctorate in theology he became the spokes man for millions of black people not only in the south of America but also the north. The civil rights was a peaceful movement but this dose not mean they weren’t attacked. Women , Children , Men were all killed for being part of this group. White people manly of the south how would be republican right wing conservative. These people believed that things like homosexuality was an abomination , that federal govt should stay out of state policies and the army should have segregated and black people should have no vote or the same rites of any white person. These vies were not the same for all white people some believed in the civil rights movement and what it stranded for both in the south and north . They were the ones who mostly used violence’s against the civil rights movement. They boomed Kings house , killed people who tried to get black people to votes est. Things like this did help the civil rights movement in away. They got support from liberals how did not support violence and the support was at home and aboard. But when King was assonated by who we will never really find out. We seen the first wave of blacks using violence to retaliate against the federal but more so the state govts. After kings death there riots all across america. 46 people were killed. After kings death the civil rights movement changed. groups like the black panthers started fighting for the rites of black people using violence . They also had strong ties to drugs and crime. People like Malcolm X started encouraging violence agents white people. Many people believed what he was saying was through . At that stage the divide between blacks and whites was growing. With the boom of the economy in America more white people started moving out of the cites into the suburbs. This made an even bigger gap between whites and blacks. Black people could not afford to move out of the city centres. This meant that the city centres of most cites across America were mostly filled with black people. With this the government started spending less and less money on these areas. All these things add together like lack of jobs , poor education and health care meant that these areas became ghettos. With these ghettos came crime. People couldn’t get jobs and they still need to pay the bills and put food on the table. Selling and using of drugs became a huge problem in these areas. Using and supplying of drugs became easer in the cite ghettos with the lack of police in the areas. And with the drugs came crime. The situation was not helped when people could buy a news paper just as easy as a gun. Death by drugs and crime in these areas were higher then any were else’s in America. In the 1970s 30 per cent of America crimes were reported by six cites in America that only had 12 per cent of the total population of America. And these cites had large black ghettos and populations. Much of the crime in America was drug related. This had a ripple effect on the ghettos law and order was not respect. People how became addicts began robbing to pay for there habits. To make matters worse drug gangs started street battles over selling areas of the cites. The governments tried tackle the issue by building urban house for the people of these ghettos. They failed hugely. The high rise apartments became drug and crime ridden. The effects were seen through out life some of them were isolation , marriage break ups . Some governments did try tackling the issue people like J. F. K gave more money to education and job tanning in the areas. But the problem contained on. J. F. K. believed in what many were saying. He though that investing in education would close the gap between the white and black community. He believed that by teaching them from a young that there was no defences’ between white and black people that the gap would be closed between the two communities. In a way this did work children dint don’t see any differences between white and black at that young ages there still friends either way. Its when they grow up around racist ideology that them become racist themselves. But the gap still remind. White people living out in the suburbs of the cites of America they started setting up there own schools. They mite not have said it but they were all white schools. And then religious privet school started popping up all over America. These were just the same all white schools. Things like the brown case in 1954 were a black student had to travel on bus every day to get to any all black school when she lived rite next door to a white school. Her father both the case before the supreme court with support from the national association for the advance of coloured people ( NAACP). They won the case. But we know that not many things changed. when the case was won there was up rower in south with people believing that it would lead to mixed marries People in living in the ghettos saw the things Malcolm X and the black panthers to be saying true and be the only solution to the problem. This is when some black people started believing in racism they thought it be batter for black and white people to live separately. They thought they be batter off having there own black state were they would rule themselves. This made some sense for them some were they wouldn’t have to put up with the actions of white governments, but it was total against what they wouldn’t in a way they wonted an end to racism. Kings campaign and the civil rites movement was total against this. At the start of the civil rights campaign it was to have the rights of all race of all people , ethic groups and any other kind of minority be the same as the majority. But after the death of king things in the civil rights movement began to change. This is when racial conflict began to happen on a wider scale. Black people began attacking white people in retaliation to attacks by white racist groups like the KKK how did not represent the views of all white. Unseal the people attacked were usual did not wont to be involved they were inconstant people who just got pulled into a situation they did not wont to be part of. This is when the civil rights movement began to lose support around the world and from liberals in America. This is really when the civil rights movement ended. It was no longer about civil rights it began about violence in return for violence. All these things put together with other things going on at the same time in America like the space race , the fear of communism , and wars in Vietnam and American soldiers in other courtiers had a huge effect on the American society. American did change for the batter for the majority of people. Blacks , Latinos , Asians , Native American all in principal had the same rites as white people. But we all still know that racism and inequalities still happen in America today. Today in America the Black community is represented on state and federal government. Most people in Americas society are but native Americans are still under represented and go throw great hard ships and were problem treated worse by the American government then any other group like Asians est. ut on a whole America is batter of know then it was 50 years ago for every one including whit people. Things to get batter from what they are know all ethnic groups need to be represented on state and more importantly federal movements and things need to change in the field of education for every one to have the same rites educations in America should become free meaning that ever one has equally chances in life the same chances in life.

Parenting in Diverse Cultures Essay

Culture may influence child activities and behaviors through the organization of the physical and social settings of every day life. Social as well as cultural norms, values, and conventions can direct and control the child’s behavior through the progression of social evaluation. Throughout childhood and preadolescence, due to children’s particular need for peer assimilation and closeness, peer evaluation and social recognition in the peer group can play a critical role in the mediation of cultural influences on individual functioning. Moreover, in the development of socialization, culturally shaped parental belief systems and parenting practices can mediate and restrained children’s acquisition of cultural messages. Finally, formal training in educational institutions such as the school constitutes another significant channel for the transmission of human knowledge and cultural values from adults to children in modern societies. Culturally diverse children can have an expectation concerning confidentiality as do American-born children. Also, this concept in fact runs counter to therapeutic attempts to enlist the parents as partners in their children’s treatment. Discretion with culturally diverse adolescents can be particularly challenging. Often, culturally diverse families experience conflict while children reach adolescence and instigate to identify mainly with the values of their American peer culture. On the contrary to the elongated American adolescence phase devoted to ongoing education and the development of peer relationships, culturally diverse parents can have experienced their own abbreviated adolescence cut short by the need to find employment, by early marriage, and/or by parenting. They do not recognize the push for independence among American adolescents. Culturally diverse adolescents can want to pursue the activities of American youth despite knowing their parents would condemn. Researchers are interested in parental ideologies concerning childrearing as they may provide useful information concerning the explanation of different parenting behaviors across cultures. Moreover, it is a practical assumption that parental cognitions, ideas, and beliefs serve a mediating function in development of cultural influences on parental attitudes and behaviors toward the child (Goodnow, 1995). Indeed, it has been found that parents in diverse cultures have different expectations and goals regarding parenting and that socialization goal are linked with parental judgment and valuation of normal and abnormal child behaviors (Hess, Kashiwagi, Azuma, Price, & Dixon, 1980). In traditional Chinese cultures, for instance, â€Å"filial piety† is a Confucian doctrine dictating that children vow obedience and reverence to parents. Chinese parents, in turn, are accountable for â€Å"governing† (i. e. , teaching, disciplining) their children, and are held responsible for their children’s failures. While individualistic values are underlined in Western cultures, with children being mingled to be independent and self-assertive (Hess et al. , 1980), Chinese children are socialized to be moderate, well-mannered, reciprocally dependent, and concerned with the collective. Cross-cultural differences in parenting ideology can be illustrated also in different values concerning child independence in collectivistic and individualistic cultures. A sense of autonomy is measured crucial to adaptive development in many Western cultures (Maccoby & Martin, 1983), but might not bear such implication to the adaptive development of children raised in other cultures. Indeed, there is little emphasis on socializing children to be independent in Japanese culture (Rothbaum, Pott, Azuma, Miyake, & Weisz, 2000). While American mothers are more likely than Japanese mothers to persuade their children personal autonomy and forcefulness such as defending one’s rights, Japanese mothers are more likely to socialize their children to be polite and deferential to authority figures (Hess et al. , 1980). Weisz, Rothbaum, and Blackburn (1984) argued that diverse emphases on self-sufficiency might account for such cross-cultural differences as Japanese children showing more self-control and sympathy to others and American children being more self-expressive. Parental belief systems consist of a wide range of thoughts, perceptions, values, and expectations regarding normative developmental processes, socialization goals, and parenting strategies (Goodnow, 1995). Cultural disparities in parental beliefs and values are a major source of involvement to cross-cultural differences in parental attitudes, actions, and behaviors in parenting. Nevertheless, it must be noted that the links between parental beliefs and behaviors characteristically range from weak to modest in the Western literature (Sigel, McGillicuddy-DeLisi, & Goodnow, 1992). It is largely indefinite how belief systems might be linked with parenting practices at the cross-cultural level, as these two constructs have not been obviously differentiated in several cross-cultural studies. Parents of diverse culture have the same hopes as well as dreams for their children and families that the general population does. Most desire their children to get a good education and become prolific members of society. In the more traditional families, these desires comprise learning about tribal values, beliefs, and customs. These families want successful children in a manner reliable with cooperative, noncompetitive tribal, community, and family values as well as aspirations (Burgess, 1980). Parents in diverse culture often take an dynamic role in socializing their children concerning the consequences of their ethnicity in the larger society (Harrison et al. , 1990). Oppression provides the framework of teaching about the assaults of typical culture. Parents teach their children to watch for subtle clues about whether they are welcome in a given situation (Cross, 1995). As children mature, they are more well-informed about differences in race, and they come to recognize themselves with a particular tribe; though, they appear to prefer toys, activities, and friendships from the prevailing culture. Parents (Dawson, 1988) emphasize the significance of self-esteem in their children: â€Å"If my children are proud, if my children have an individuality, if my children know who they are and if they are proud to be who they are, they’ll be able to meet anything in life† (p. 48). Positive self-esteem provides self-assurance, energy, and optimism to master life’s tasks. This positive sense of self and confidence is significant for parents as well as children. Parents who feel capable in their parenting are more able to involve themselves in their children’s lives outside the home. Parental involvement is significant to the future educational development of their children (Dawson, 1988). In diverse culture families believe that their children should have the opportunity to grow into adulthood with the considerate that they are worthwhile individuals who are equal to all other Americans. American children should believe that they are respected for their culture, as they value the worth of others. They should believe that they are valued in American society and that they can attain in any way they choose according to their individual talents (Noley, 1992). In diverse culture, children view themselves more pessimistically than do their dominant culture counterparts, let say self-concept of Native American children is negatively linked with chronological age and years of schooling. Soares and Soares (1969) found that in spite of living in poverty, disadvantaged children in elementary school did not essentially suffer from lower self-esteem and a lower sense of self-worth. These findings suggest that just being poor is not the leading factor in the low self-esteem of Native American students. Though, researchers have long been interested in family influences on child social and cognitive functioning. The general consent is that family, as a main socialization agent, plays a significant role in the development of individuals’ adaptive and maladaptive functioning. This belief has been sustained by the results of numerous empirical studies concerning the associations amongst parenting practices, family organization and family socio-ecological conditions, and child adaptive and maladaptive functioning in diverse settings, although different opinions still exist (Harris, 1995). Among family variables, parenting beliefs and practices compose a central theme in the cross-cultural study of upbringing. Several explanations for cross-cultural variations in parenting have been suggested. First, an anthropological viewpoint proposes that differential vulnerability to threats to the survival of children accounts for the changeability in parenting practices (LeVine, 1974). on the other hand, it has been suggested that parental needs to engender the values and attitudes essential for becoming a competent adult, able to achieve expected roles in his or her respective culture, may be related to diverse parenting practices across cultures (Hoffman, 1987). It has also been argued that cross-cultural differences in parenting attitudes and behaviors can reflect variability in beliefs pertaining to children’s distinctiveness and to the world in general (Super & Harkness, 1986). Reference: Burgess, B. J. (1980). Parenting in the Native-American community. In M. D. Fantini & R. Cardenas, Parenting in a multicultural society (pp. 63–73). New York: Longman. Cross, T. L. (1995). The worldview of American Indian families. In H. I. McCubbin, E. A Thompson, A. I. Thompson, & J. E. Fromer (Eds. ), Ethnic minority families: Native and immigrant American families (Vol. 1, pp. 143–58). Boston: Sage Dawson, J. (1988). â€Å"If my children are proud†: Native education and the problem of selfesteem. Canadian Journal of Native Education, 15 (1), 43–50. Goodnow, J. J. (1995). Parents’ knowledge and expectations. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed. ), Handbook of parenting, Vol. 3, Status and social conditions of parenting (pp. 305-332). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Harrison, A. O. , Wilson, M. N. , Pine, C. J. , Chan, S. Q. , & Buriel, R. (1990). Family ecologies of ethnic minority children. Child Development, 61, 347–62. Hess, R. D. , Azuma, H. , Kashiwagi, K. , Holloway, S. D. , & Wenegrat, A. (1987). Cultural variations in socialization for school achievement: Contrasts between Japan and the United States. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,8, 421-440. Hess, R. D. , Kashiwagi, K. , Azuma, H. , Price, G. G. , & Dixon, W. P. (1980). Maternal expectations for mastery of developmental tasks in Japan and the United States. International Journal of Psychology,15, 259-271. Hoffman, L. W. (1987). The value of children to parents and parenting patterns. Social Behavior,2, 123-141. LeVine, R. A. (1974). Parental goals: A cross-cultural view. Teachers College Record,76 (2), 226-239. Luftig, R. L. (1983). Effects of schooling on the self-concept of Native American students. The School Counselor, 30 (4), 251–60. Maccoby, E. E. , & Martin, C. N. (1983). Socialization in the context of family: Parentchild interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed. ), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 4, Socialization, personality, and social development (pp. 1-102). New York: Wiley. Noley, G. (1992). Educational reform and American Indian cultures. Tempe, AZ: Division of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, Arizona State University. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 362 341) Rothbaum, F. , Pott, M. , Azuma, H. , Miyake, K. , & Weisz, J. (2000). The development of close relationships in Japan and the United States: Paths of symbiotic harmony and generative tension. Child Development,71, 1121-1142. Sigel, I. E. , McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A. V. , & Goodnow, J. J. (1992). Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Soares, A. T. , & Soares, L. M. (1969). Self-perceptions of culturally disadvantaged children. American Educational Research Journal, 6 (1), 31–45. Super, C. M. , & Harkness, S. (1986). The developmental niche: A conceptualization at the interface of child and culture. International Journal of Behavioral Development,9, 545-569. Weisz, J. R. , Chaiyasit, W. , Weiss, B. , Eastman, K. L. , & Jackson, E. W. (1995). A multimethod study of problem behavior among Thai and American children in school: Teacher reports versus direct observations. Child Development,66, 402-415. Weisz, J. R. , Rothbaum, F. , & Blackburn, T. C. (1984). Standing out and standing in. American Psychologist,39, 955-969. Weisz, J. R. , Suwanlert, S. , Chaiyasit, W. , & Walter, B. R. (1987). Over- and undercontrolled referral problems among Thai and American children and adolescents: The wat and wai of cultural differences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,55, 719-726. Weisz, J. R. , Suwanlert, S. , Chaiyasit, W. , Weiss, B. , Walter, B. R. , & Anderson, W. W. (1988). Thai and American perspectives on over- and undercontrolled child behavior problems: Exploring the threshold model among parents, teachers, and psychologists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,56, 601-609.

A Breadwinner Rethinks Gender Roles

A Breadwinner Rethinks Gender Roles The economic recession has undoubtedly increased the unemployment rates across the U. S. More and more men are becoming ‘stay at home dads’, thus challenging the status quo. This would be a good thing according to conflict theorists, who believe that the male exploitation of women is detrimental to society; any sort of exploitation of rich to poor, male to female, must be deconstructed. â€Å"A Breadwinner Rethinks Gender Roles† supports the rising number of traditional gender roles being reversed in today’s society.However, just because the roles are switched, does not mean that true gender equality exists. Social norms establish the privileges and responsibilities a certain status may occupy. Females and males, mothers and fathers are all statuses with distinct role requirements that are perceived as â€Å"normal† to society. The status of a mother includes ‘expected’ roles involving love, caretaking , duties in the kitchen, etc. The status of a father primarily includes the expected role of a breadwinner.The huge increase of women in the workforce, an achieved status, may unfortunately lead to the experience of Durkheim’s concept anomie, or uncertainty of rules/norms in a society. These ‘traditional norms’ have begun to change, but new ones have not yet developed, â€Å"To put it simply, because we’re not there yet†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kathleen Gerson, quoted in article). So why does gender inequality persist even though men and women are not tied to traditional roles as they were in earlier times? Conflict theorists argue that women are at a disadvantage because of the inequalities built into the social structure.This social structure ‘built’ into society refers to the agents of socialization that have structured what it means to be gendered-female and gendered-male; gender roles are learned through the socialization process. Children learn p roper behavior for girls and boys, first—and most crucially—through parents, then the media (Disney movies) and finally peer groups or other sources of socialization. Even at an early age, children develop stereotypical notions of both genders and then use those notions to systematize their thoughts and behavior.However today, the media puts out ideas that are inconsistent with ideas of family or education and so it is directly antagonistic to the other important institutions in society. These pre-conceived ideas of gender-typical behavior have prevented individuals from truly assuming the identity of a reversed role, â€Å"Men have a sense of esteem, of identity that comes with being the provider†¦Women don’t get the same identity benefit — there’s a sense that one has a double burden. † (Barbara Rissman, quoted in article). The author clearly struggled with her new gendered-male role.She wasn’t prepared for the role conflict sh e would experience in partaking a ‘man’s role’, â€Å"I didn’t think I’d feel so guilty, or derelict in my womanly duties, when my husband is quick to comfort our fussy 4-month-old—or reminds me where we keep the muffin tin. Or that I’d feel so much chest-tightening pressure when I monitor our bills. † (Dunleavey). When asked, â€Å"Did your concept of ‘equality’ ever include supporting the family? †, the author had to admit her answer was no. Women have consistently complained and fought for equality— but is that what they really wanted?Now that we have it, we are â€Å"seething — with uncertainty, resentment, anxiety and frustration. † (Dunleavey) The pre-ordained notions of what is right vs. wrong, female vs. male that have been engrained in our heads from early childhood and then through constant resocialization over the years, have prevented some of us from truly being equal, even wh en we are on the surface—equal. A conflict theorist would point out for this case, that the need to eliminate inequalities does not just include eliminating the suffering of those on the bottom, but eliminating the suffering of those on the top as well.Despite the increase of women in the labor force and the now blurred boundaries of gender discriminations, men and women live in a society where the demands of balancing work and parenting are unsettled. Women were not prepared for what true equality would actually entail—but can we blame them? Literature Cited: Dunleavey, M. P. â€Å"A Breadwinner Rethinks Gender Roles. † The New York Times 27 January 2007, Section C 1:1. http://www. nytimes. com/2007/01/27/business/27instincts. html

Counselling Theory and Practice 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Counselling Theory and Practice 2 - Essay Example In practice, communication between the counsellor and the client enables the former to identify the issues presented by the later. This profession exposes the counsellor to client’s personal information. The details of some of this information may be emotional, but the counsellor should not let the emotions of the client carry him away. Perhaps this is the most challenging bit of this counselling profession. Maintaining one’s composure amid the tides of the client’s emotion is what distinguishes the professional counsellor and non-professional one. The principles of counselling practice border on a number of psychological theories because the profession attempts to solve the cognitive problems (Tudor, Keith, Valentine, & Worrall, 2004). In this essay, I will evaluate the recorded transcript with respect the client centred theory. The client centred perspective emphasise that the counsellor should maintain his or her composure while extracting information from the client (Tudor, Keith, Valentine, & Worrall, 2004). The essence of counselling is to establish and solve the problems of the client. The proponents of this view insist that counsellor should hide his expertise so that he or she can extract information from the client. People often share information depending on the relationship that exists between the parties involved. Concept of trust tends to affect the amount of information that one would share (Corey, 2012). In counselling practice, counsellors often strive to build a good relationship with the client so that the later may feel free to share personal information including secrets that haunt them. Obviously, individual’s past at times tends to affect the amount of information that one can share. Too many people that seek the services of the counsellors have spent their lives in environments that are

Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Corporate Governance - Essay Example Another function of the corporate governance to ensure the imposition of Islamic values and principles to the daily lives and the corporate activities of the people. Another undertaking of corporate governance is to ensure that there is a challenge to the Islamic social justice concepts. At the same time, to encourage the Muslims to live their lives according the Quran and attract the blessing of God. As such, this chapter will explore the concept of corporate governance from the point of view of the Islamic world. The principle target of this section will be an examination of whether or not the Islamic laws supplement the concepts of corporate governance. In the event that the work shall identify a relationship between the two concepts, the work will measure the extent to which they supplement each other. Therefore, the work will examine the level to which the Saudi Arabian Kingdom takes advantage of the laws to the corporate activities. There is a need to consider that the Saudi legislators consider Islamic legislation as the first and the national law of the Kingdom. Another consideration is the fact that the Muslim world perceives the Sharia laws as the most vital inclusion of all laws. There varied sources of the Sharia laws that exist within the Saudi jurisprudence. All Muslims across the world consider the Quran and Sunna as the most fundamental of such sources. There are other sources as well, but the two commonly used in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are Ijma and Qiyas. Additionally the sources of Islamic legal matters mentioned are the cornerstone of support and proof of the principles of corporate governance from the perspectives of Islam. The sources of the same law are among the most relevant material for the sustainability of policy aspects of corporate governance from the views of Islam as well as the development of a corporate governance ideal. Additionally, the laws mentioned are the reference points of the laws that apply in the

Comment on John R. Clarke's analysis of THE GOLEM observe and describe Essay

Comment on John R. Clarke's analysis of THE GOLEM observe and describe the film carefully and critically examine Clarke's argument - Essay Example He also points out that through the acting and expressionist nature of the film, the producers were not aiming at realism. This paper will critically examine and comment on John Clarke’s analysis if The Golem. Clarke observes that two stories are intertwined through each other around halfway through the film. While Loew is at the palace after being summoned by Luhois (the Roman Emperor), Florian (a knight) is secretly courting Miriam (Loew’s daughter) (Clarke 1974, 117). Through this observation, Clarke basically communicates suspense, creating the notion that the two events cannot end well. However, analysing the two stories critically, one realises that Clarke does not dwell on the aspect of comparison, especially between that of the Jews of Prague and Christians, which seemed to be the focus of the producers. It is also significant to note that no stereotypes were imposed on either party by the producers, who opted to concentrate on individual characters and use group characterization to highlight the film’s themes. They dress all the Jews in black, and they seem to be bending under age, portraying a religion sinking into oblivion. In contrast, the Christians, dressed in bright colours, appear new and shiny. From this perspective, Clarke can be seen to be branding the film as an anti-Semitic one. However, he can be criticised on this view because the film seems to be created on a theme of tolerance, studying the Jew-Christian relationship in Prague. Rather than being perceived as anti-Semitic, the film can be considered as an open-ended staging of the struggles between Judaism and Christianity. However, Clarke seems to be bent on the idea that the producers were attracted by Romanticism. It may be concluded that The Golem actually dwells on realism, using comparisons to bring out the depth of two different cultures. In particular, the Star of

Nationald Gallery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nationald Gallery - Essay Example The works blend with the design and architecture of The New Art Gallery enhancing the visitor's experience of the works by showing them in new and interesting ways and making connections between old and new art. However, local artistic styles were not lost completely and they make up an essential element of the mature English Romanesque style. In religious painting, this is characterized by the use of abstracted or distorted figures, which are fully coloured and delineated by solid outlines. Frederick Antal (1962) The area above the door itself provides the artist with a large semicircular field called the tympanum within which to carve both decorative and narrative subjects, which are supplemented by ornament applied to the door jambs, arches, and capitals. These carvings are often highly imaginative and amusing blending in some religious and secular imagery within one small area. Compositions are generally formal and patterned, while physical space is indicated by rectangular background panels. Exaggerated facial expressions and gestures portray religious drama scenes. Numerous illuminated manuscripts made for the new monasteries, seemingly indicate an essential element of the Norman establishment. Azzopardi (2001) The most unique collection includes paintings, drawings, sculpture, photographs, video and installations from artists and public and private collections in Britain and abroad. Major works are included by Francis Bacon, Per Barclay, Cecil Beaton, Bruce of LA; this exhibition highlights the artist's preoccupations with urban and natural landscapes and with human perception and interaction. Encompassing large-scale video and sound installation, photography, drawing and film, it gives a first UK staging to a number of newly-completed works. Office Architects, the exhibition includes a wealth of historical and contemporary drawings alongside models, collage, computer modelling and extracts from films. While many of these ideas were intended to enthuse and convince clients about real architectural schemes, some were private fantasies, exploring how the world might have looked today had the tastes of our predecessors been different. The collection of art includes works by Robert Adam, Archigram, Sir Charles Barry, Etienne-Louis Boullee, Sir William Chambers, Foster & Partners, Future Systems, Erno Goldfinger, Eric Mendelsohn, John Nash, Softroom, Paolo Soleri and Tecton. This art includes work painted of a dramatic floor-ceiling projection recreating the artist's ascent up a thirty-five metre deep Antarctic crevasse - together with a recent commission, Sky Drawing (Night, Day), which focuses on the movement of air traffic over Birmingham. Until recently the society has been developing collaboration with Vivid, Birmingham and includes work commissioned by Vivid with the support of the Henry Moore Foundation. Infected by Gina Czarnecki and Iona Kewney is a haunting video installation about the nature of the physical body in the context of future technological possibilities, seen through dance and digitally manipulated imagery. Men in the Wall by Liz Aggiss and Billy Cowie are a four screen, 3-dimensional stereoscopic installation. Each life-size 3D 'frame' is inhabited by a man whose world is tightly choreographed and scripted. Viewers can experience the men's shared, framed lives

City National Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

City National - Research Proposal Example By means of its banking offices in West Virginia, Kentucky and Ohio, the Company is able to offer credit, deposit, investment advisory as well as insurance products and services to its customers. City Holding Company is the parent company of City National Bank of West Virginia. The company in line with this also works with City Insurance Professionals, an insurance agency that provides a full array of insurance products and services. Assessing the position of company necessitates the discussion as well as examination of the firm’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities as well as threats. In this light we take into consideration that the strengths and weaknesses of the firm would be based on the conditions of the firm internally while the firm’s opportunities and threats would be based on the placement of the firm in its external environment as well as the dealings it is engaged with. One of the key opportunities that are evident for the firm is that when it comes to answering to local demand, the retail division of the firm was the first in their markets to establish and launch an innovative checking selection for individuals who happened to have their past challenges when it comes to running their accounts. Bounce Back Checking is for individuals who have been rejected and taken the opportunity to open a checking account. This particular option is intended for those individuals who are seeking to a fresh start. The company assists these individuals by providing them the necessary guidelines when it comes to learning responsible banking practices together with the aim of moving them to a traditional checking account. Apart from this, the company was also able to generate its own opportunity when it instigated the Community Hero Checking. This particular program honors current and retired military personnel, firefighters, police officers, medical professionals and teachers by offering them special account

Social policy - the rule of law as referring to an ideal condition Essay

Social policy - the rule of law as referring to an ideal condition - Essay Example Since the point is to restrain the coercive activities of government, these general rules should not be framed so as to discriminate either against or in favour of any group of persons known in advance-against Jews or Blacks, for example. Laws against speeding lay down general rules of this kind: they apply equally to all motorists, and they do not single out particular individuals (say, BMW drivers) for special attention. Retrospective legislation is likely to violate the rule of law on this interpretation since its victims and beneficiaries usually can be identified in advance. 1 General rules of this kind that are announced in advance are a defence against the arbitrary actions of governments. They are necessary in Hayek's view both for the proper working of the market and for the existence of liberty precisely because they allow individuals to plan their affairs secure in the knowledge that government powers will not be used deliberately to frustrate their efforts. Once governments go beyond the enforcement of certain general rules, their activities inevitably involve the coercion of particular individuals. ... From this point of view there is no reason in principle why governments should not concern themselves with the regulation of economic affairs. But their interventions should take the form of a framework of laws within which markets can operate, rather than the direction of economic activity by a central authority. 2 Here and elsewhere, Hayek discusses government social and economic policy as if interference with market operations inevitably involves the infringement of liberty. It is not clear why that should be the case. Consider the example raised by Pigou in his review of The Road to Serfdom (Pigou 1944). The wartime practice of directing particular individuals into specific jobs is an infringement of liberty that may be defended for a limited period on the grounds of national emergency.3 This example, the occupational choices of individuals is certainly constrained as a result of government policy. But, from the point of view of those affected, the manner in which they are constrained is no different from the effects of market forces. It seems then that government interference in markets is to count as a coercive infringement of liberty, whether or not it is experienced as such by the individuals concerned. 4 Similar considerations apply to the welfare state. It is entirely proper for governments to be concerned with the welfare of their citizens, provided only that their welfare activities are constrained by the rule of law. The difficulty in discussing 'the welfare state', in Hayek's view, is that the term has no clear meaning. Some of the activities normally included under that heading are unobjectionable and may even 'make a free society more attractive, others are

Emerging Market Firms Investing in Each Other's Home Essay

Emerging Market Firms Investing in Each Other's Home - Essay Example China is one example of a developing market that makes its investments in other developed economies and also provides market to the developed economies such as Germany and Britain. Another example of a developing economy that deals in foreign direct trade with other emerging markets is Brazil. Signing of world currency deals with developed countries as well as emerging economies have been witnessed in the recent past. Sauvant (2009) argues China for instance has signed such agreements with various countries such as Argentina, Russia, united Arabs emirates, India and South Africa. This was made with an aim of ensuring financial safety by creating a joint pool risk mitigation mechanism. Foreign direct entry among emerging markets and developed economies Firms within nations with emerging economy; must be protected from foreign firms from developed nations which have competitive advantage as realized in the above mentioned examples. These calls for trade among nations with emerging mark ets by regulating market entry by other firms. Ken-lchi (2005) emphasizes, for this to change, firms from developed nations must adopt different mechanisms for market penetration. This calls for trade among nations with emerging markets by regulating market entry by other firms. For this to change, firms from developed nations must adopt different mechanisms for market penetration. This calls for trade among nations with emerging markets by regulating market entry by other firms. For this to change, firms from developed nations must adopt different mechanisms for market penetration. Lack of such change would see unto it that firms in developing nations develop economically and enhance world-class competence. It is argued that China, for instance, would be a good example in offering alternatives which would have otherwise been sought for from developed nations Rugman (2012) argues, the support for this is the angle of perception of emerging markets as the crucial point o driving the economy owing to the fact that developing countries are growing in number. Scramble for resources creates more pressure hence expectations are made on the first mover longer steps over the emerging heroes. Competition will be realized among emerging markets in regions such as Middle East and Africa through their government. This ability of providing alternatives by developing nation’s blocks developed nations from accessing the markets. Emerging markets have recorded better growth Brazil, china and India are the best examples of emerging markets in the world today. Chinese are known for the increased production as well as large population which provide both affordable labor and market for products. As a matter of facts, developed economies target such emerging markets so as to have a two way mutual benefit among them. Germany has a history of industrial production that majors on steel work. According to Fayolle & Todotoy (2011), this becomes a raw material for the emerging ec onomies in the process of production so that the developed country, in this case Germany exports the product to the emerging economy such as china. India has also recorded an increase in production hence targeted by the developed economies such as Europe in terms of foreign trade. There are challenges that the new economies pose to developed economies in terms of economic strength. This may be evident between Europe and United States as developed economies as well as India, china and Brazil which are the strong emerging economies. Operating at relatively same level of financial ability becomes the driving force. The establishment of enterprises in other countries will follow the emergence of markets for the products which would come from either

Ten Commandments Essay Example for Free

Ten Commandments Essay All the characters in the story have their parts on building up the atmosphere. Abigail has the biggest impact because holds some sort of power over all the other girls and they all fear her, so the fear and hysteria comes from her actions and her friends; Betty, Tituba and Mary. She has courage, intelligence and a charismatic personality but uses these gifts in destructive ways. She causes a harmful influence on the terrified villagers; she has a big impact on creating the hysteria and fear in the play. Reverend Samuel Parris is also a person who creates this setting of fear and hysteria. He is like a servant towards the people who are rich and so on but very brutal to anyone unable to defend for themselves. This explains why Betty loses her consciousness when he finds her in the forest. When the blame is safety diverted to Tituba Mr Parris becomes an enthusiastic witch hunter and changes his views on Mr Hale. Mrs Putnam, as well hasnt got much positive to say about her. She takes the rumours of witchcraft as a chance to find a scapegoat for the loss of her children, however our sympathy to this changes when we find out that she has sent her daughter to talk to spirits. Both Putnams make use of Parris to stir up the witch-hunt. He is responsible for many of the accusations of witchcraft, and takes advantage of this to gain more land off of people. Mr Parris is desperately trying to find someone to put the blame onto and since Tituba was the first to be accused, she is pressurised by him, Mr Hale and Abigail at the same time. You really feel for Tituba in this scene because all of the people seem to join up against her and scrutinise her until she either is at the point of confessing or accusing someone. However until that point is illustrated, Mr Hale and Mr Pariss interrogation against Tituba has great deal of hysteria, tension and fear. So her own friend Abigail accuses Tituba of talking to the Devil. She obviously disagrees to this not making it any better for herself. She comes to me while I sleep; shes always making me dream corruptions. Says Abigail to them (Mr Hale and Mr Paris). Every time Abigail accuses Tituba, someone has something to say Like Mrs Putnam or Mr Parris, to really make her look guilty. This forms an atmosphere of tension because the more and more she is questioned she is getting herself deeper into trouble, which means closer to death. She is really afraid and falls to her feet sobbing in terror after Putnam says she should be hanged. No, No, dont hang Tituba! I tell him I dont desire to work for him, sir. Tituba says using her own name. Later on in the conversation, she gives up and tells them that she saw several people with the Devil. From then is where she starts to name peoples names and then Abigail also begins to name them too. The scene then ends with them naming a load of innocent people. They mention these people hoping that these are the names Mr Hale and Mr Paris want to hear. Act 2 (The Arrests) The second scene I have chosen to analyse is act two (the arrests). A fortnight later the witch-hunt is in full cry. John has tried to keep away from what is going on by working on his farm. His wife Elizabeth has heard alarming details form their servant Mary Warren who was one of the girls in the forest. Now the girls go into hysterical fits and anyone whom they point at is charged with witchcraft. Elizabeth begs John to repeat what Mary has said to him in the courts and to make Abigail realize that their affair is over. She knows Abigail wants to accuse her and take her place. John doesnt want to speak up. Elizabeth says he is hanging back because he is still attracted to Abigail. On her return from the village, Mary mentions that Elizabeths name has come up in court. Johns friends, Giles Corey and Francis Nurse (Rebecca Nurses husband), explain that both their wives have been charged and arrested. Then a few minutes later two court officials arrive with a warrant to arrest Elizabeth. Abigail claims that Elizabeth has sent her spirit out to stab her in the belly. Elizabeth lets herself be taken away leaving John threatening Mary that he will make her tell the truth to the judges. In this scene there is a lot of tension due to the fact that Abigail, Betty and Tituba have all told lies about other people to get themselves out of punishment. Because of this many people get arrested, many hanged and families are pulled apart. When the villagers of Salem start to find out that many people are getting arrested caused by the fake allegations made towards them, the ones waiting around hoping their names is not mentioned creates the tension and fear towards them. Just like Elizabeth, when Abigail and John Procter had the affair, Elizabeth had blamed Abigail but not John. She thought John as a good man and Abigail a whore. So to this she has great hate towards Abigail, and Abigail towards Elizabeth. So Elizabeth is really tense fearing her name will come up in court. In Act two she really shows her fear to John about being arrested. She will cry me out until they take me, she wants me dead John, you know it! She shouts. This shows how she is feeling, although throughout the play she portrays a strong character. Then soon, later on, the two (John Procter and Elizabeth) are questioned by Mr Hale because he is unsatisfied with their attendance in church. In this part of Act two, pressure and fear are high because they are really nervous about what may come and what will be asked of them. They are asked the Ten Commandments and you can tell that tension and fear is high because it has written that he begins to sweat. They struggle when John repeats the same commandment. Then from there Elizabeth helps him out. Aye. You see sir between the two of us we do know them all. Says John Procter This shows the tension is released. Until, Giles Corey and Francis Nurse tell John that their wives are arrested not too long after people arrive with a warrant to arrest Elizabeth. Fear and tension is built up here because of the fact that Abigail has accused Elizabeth of sending her spirits to stab her in the belly, which is not true. So she is scared of facing death and fears what could happen but she hides this. Oh Oh, John, bring me soon! She says, as she is about to leave. The scene ends when Procter realizes that the girls false accusations are getting too serious know that Elizabeth could be hanged and forces Mary to tell the courts that they were just playing and thats all, but she begs him not to because she fears that Abigail will curse her. I cannot charge murder on Abigail shell kill me for sayin that! Betty is really scared and begs him, sobbing on the floor, as the scene ends. Mary is terrified the moment she steps inside the court, but she copes well under the questioning of the people of Salem. She is encouraged by Procter to tell the truth to the courts about the girls being all frauds even when Judge Hathorne bullies her. However she begins to get weak when all the girls turn on her under the influence of Abigail. From there she is caught up in hysteria and begins to fall apart. Conclusion Arthur Miller created an atmosphere of tension, fear and hysteria throughout the play. I feel this was due to the witch-craft issue that went on and the 1950s anti-communist trials in USA that also inspired Miller. The Crucible was written to show people that society in those days was ignorant towards things they didnt know and understand (things they fear) and in The Crucible witch-craft was the case. The play to me showed fear well because of the witch-craft history that Miller decided to useby using this would make readers feel already tense knowing the play is some how to do with witches. The meaning of the crucible is the melting pot for metals. This can somehow relate to the story by firstly referring to the pot as a cauldron. Also, the melting point could mean the boiling point of people and how far society is wiling to go. Miller most defiantly delivered that across to readers and you know why Miller named it The Crucible. The Crucible is sometimes quite hard to understand as it was written long ago and the language is different to now, however the way people act and the facial expression that is well described, defiantly help the play to build up the anxiety and fear. Bless him. Bless him. (She is rocking on her knees sobbing in terror) The book to me wasnt interesting. This is because Miller wasnt convincing about witch-craft and witch-craft doesnt relate to anything in modern times. Nothing really appealed t me, however, the deep meaning of the play, which was to show how the lack of understanding and knowledge of something resorts to violence and how it influences people, was shown very well.

How Have Western Views of Knowledge Changed over Time Essay Example for Free

How Have Western Views of Knowledge Changed over Time Essay Throughout history, cultures have held disparate views on the nature of knowledge. Epistemology, the branch of philosophy that focuses on basic questions such as: â€Å"What is knowledge? How do we know what we know? †, lies at the heart of these views. In Western culture, the answers to these basic questions have changed markedly over time. Throughout history, this evolution in philosophy has been inextricably linked to science and religion. Much of Western thought has been heavily influenced by the philosophy of the Ancient Greeks. In particular, the epistemological views of the Ancient Greeks dominated Western thought for centuries. Of all the Greek philosophers, Plato was one of the most influential. In his most famous work The Republic, Plato used the Allegory of the Cave to describe the role of sensory perception in knowledge acquisition. In his analogy, Plato described a cave in which people were chained down in such a way that prevented them from looking anywhere but forward. Behind them was a fire and in front of them was a wall that reflected shadows from that fire. The prisoner’s captors manipulated these shadows to create forms and stories. The forms and stories that the prisoners saw were the only reality that they knew. Eventually the prisoners left the cave and found true reality outside. It was only then that the prisoners understood that what they had perceived until this moment was a false perception. The Allegory of the Cave served to illustrate Plato’s epistemological views. Today, we describe Plato’s philosophical views as rationalist. He argued against reliance on sensory experience because he believed that it failed to provide us with any guarantee that what we experience was, in fact, true. He believed that the information we get by relying on sensory experience is constantly changing and often unreliable. It can be evaluated only by appealing to higher principles that do not change. In the Allegory of the Cave, Plato was comparing our sensory perception to the shadows on the wall of the cave. Plato saw us as the chained prisoners unable to know anything but this false reality. Only by leaving the cave and ascending to higher orders of thought are we able to know true reality. Implicit in this view was the belief that true knowledge cannot be found through empirical investigation. According to Plato, empirical knowledge was merely opinion. Only thought and abstract reasoning could produce true knowledge. The rationalist view of epistemology dominated much of Western thought for centuries. Eventually, progress in science during the Renaissance changed this. One of the first to change these dominant views was Andreas Vesalius. In 1543, Vesalius published De Humanis Corporis Fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body), an elaborately illustrated atlas of human anatomy. While Vesalius’ published work had significant historical importance in the field of medicine, his most enduring legacy was his revolutionary challenge of the medical conventions of his day. For centuries, physicians had relied on reading texts from Galen for medical knowledge rather than participating in the direct dissection of human corpses. Vesalius promoted the practice of dissection and hands on experience. By overthrowing the Galenic tradition and relying on his own observations, Vesalius was advocating an empirical understanding of the human body. This shift from rationalism to empiricism became one of the defining characteristics of the Scientific Revolution. In direct contrast to rationalism, empiricism emphasized the acquisition of knowledge through direct observation and experiment. Empiricism not only encouraged but required reliance on our senses. This was in direct opposition to Plato’s epistemological view that had dominated for a millennium. This shift from Plato’s rationalism to scientific empiricism had significant ramifications for philosophy. While before this time there had always been collaboration between science and philosophy and religion, there had been no real distinction between them. Now, empirical knowledge served as a way of testing philosophical knowledge. This would ultimately lead to their incompatibility and their eventual separation. This separation is largely attributed to Galileo, one of the major figures during the Scientific Revolution. Even in his time, Galileo was a renown scientist and a philosopher. While he relied heavily on empirical methods in his studies of physics and astronomy, he also depended on rational thinking in his use of mathematics. It was through his combined use of empirical observations and rational thought that he confirmed the Copernican view that the sun was the center of the universe. However, the Copernican heliocentric worldview conflicted with the dominant geocentric view espoused by philosophers from the time of Aristotle. Making matters even more complicated was the fact that philosophers couched this dispute as a religious matter arguing that a heliocentric worldview went against the teachings of the Bible. As the geocentric view had been adopted by the church, the heliocentric worldview was branded as heresy. Galileo, certain of the physical truth of his heliocentric paradigm and at the same time devout in his religious beliefs, worked to reconcile this conflict by divorcing the church from â€Å"purely physical matters, where faith is not involved. By working to separate science, philosophy, and religion, Galileo was attempting to reestablish the compatibility of science and religion. Despite Galileo’s attempts, the conflict between scientific and religious worldviews is still evident today. The epistemological tradition of today has created a dominant worldview based on evidence. As during the time of Galileo, this worldview has at times conflicted with widely held religious beliefs. This divide, empiricism vs. faith, has become an increasingly prominent conflict in American politics. A recent announcement by GOP presidential candidate, Rick Perry highlights this divide. Rick Perry recently publicly declared his disbelief in the theory of evolution in favor of intelligent design. The theory of evolution is an explanation of the origin of life widely supported across numerous scientific disciplines. Though science and empiricism overwhelming supports the theory of evolution, it does not largely accepted by the populace. The controversial nature of evolution has emerged because, once again, a â€Å"purely physical matter† has been politicized as a religious matter. Rick Perry’s views on evolution illustrate a larger phenomenon in U. S. politics. That is, views regarding the evolution/intelligent design conflict tend to be politically divided. Intelligent design or faith based arguments are generally forwarded by conservative Republicans such as Rick Perry. Evidence based empirical arguments, such as evolution, are championed by liberal Democrats. Science has become political as conservatives are aligned with religion.

A Case Study About Healthcare Leadership

A Case Study About Healthcare Leadership Effective leadership is essential in health care organisations as in other organisations. It is necessary for driving innovation, effective patient care, patient safety, improving working within clinical teams, sorting out issues within emergency context and other aspects necessary for effective and efficient running of healthcare organisations. Transformational leadership has often been prescribed as the gold standard of healthcare leadership(Gopee and Galloway 2009).This essay sets out to: briefly discuss the concept of leadership; highlight why leadership is important in healthcare; make a distinction between the closely-related concepts of leadership and management; briefly highlight how power relates to leadership; describe some leadership approaches applicable within the context of healthcare organisations; describe leadership styles visible in healthcare; present a case study set in a teaching hospital practice setting in Africa ; critically assess the leadership approaches operating within the setting and its effect on organisational performance ;and make recommendations on improving leadership practice within the specified setting. What is leadership? Leadership can be defined as the ability of an individual to influence a group of people to achieve a goal(Bryman 1992).It is also noted that leadership can have four possible meanings, namely: the activity of leading; the body of people who lead a group; the status of the leader; and the ability to lead'(Gopee and Galloway 2009). Kouzes and Posner (2007) suggest some characteristics of an effective leader namely to: be more effective in meeting job-related demands; be more successful in representing their units in upper management; create higher performing teams; foster renewed loyalty and commitment; increase motivational levels and willingness to work hard; and possess high degree of personal integrity. Why leadership in healthcare? Effective leadership and management has been found to contribute to efficiency of health care services, performance (McColl-Kennedy and Anderson 2002) and satisfaction of staff employed within them.(Bradley and Alimo-Metcalfe 2008) researched the causal relationship between leadership behaviours and the performance and productivity of staff and found that engaging leadership improved employee engagement and performance. (Morrison, Jones et al. 1997) studied the relationship between leadership style, empowerment, and job satisfaction on nursing staff at a regional medical centre. They used Basss Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire to measure leadership style, items from Spreitzers Psychological Empowerment instrument to measure empowerment, and the Warr, Cook, and Walls job satisfaction questionnaire to measure job satisfaction. The authors found that both transformational and transactional leadership were positively associated with job satisfaction. Some other researchers reported that good leadership skills impacted on patient safety and quality of care (Corrigan, Lickey et al. 2000; Firth-Cozens and Mowbray 2001; Mohr, Abelson et al. 2002).Furthermore, leadership skills are essential in the world of public health policy and leadership is one of the core competencies required of public health trainees(Faculty of Public Health 2010). Leadership versus management Relevant to this discourse is making a distinction between leadership and management. They are two similar but distinct concepts. Management is seen as seeking order and maintaining stability while leadership is seen as seeking adaptive and constructive change. Leadership in the healthcare context aims to influence practitioners towards the achievement of the common goal of quality patient care. On the other hand, management as a process coordinates and directs the activities of an organisation to ensure it achieves its set objectives. Management ensures healthcare resources (human such as doctors, nurses and clerical staff and non-human resources like medical devices and consumables) are utilised in an efficient way whilst delivering effective healthcare service(Gopee and Galloway 2009). However, leadership is known to be complementary to management (Kotter 1999; Zaleznik 2004). Leadership theories and styles in healthcare A number of theoretical leadership approaches can be applied within healthcare .However, not all aspects fit in perfectly into healthcare, and thus some adaptation may be required. Transformational leadership Transformational leadership is a widely advocated approach for healthcare. Transformational leadership is one of the contemporary leadership approaches that are concerned with how an individual influences others in a group in other to achieve a common goal .Transformational leaders seek to accomplish greater pursuits within an organisation by inspiring other members of the group to share their vision for the organisation. Transformational leaders motivate and raise the morality of their followers and help them reach their fullest potential. Mohandas Gandhi Nelson Mandela have been cited as transformational leaders(Northouse 2007). In an organisational context, a transformational leader is one who attempts to change the organisations values in order to portray a standard of fairness and justice while in the process emerging with a better set of moral values. Transformational leadership is about the collective good of an organisation; it is expected to bring about organisational change .It aims to inspire commitment to the organisations vision and ideals .In healthcare, teams of health care professionals are inspired to achieve the highest quality of patient care irrespective of limiting situations (Gopee and Galloway 2009). The concept of transformational approach of leadership was popularised by the political sociologist, leadership expert, and presidential biographer- James Macgregor Burns in his seminal work Leadership written in 1978. In this book, he described the leadership styles of some political leaders. Bernard Bass widely cited in leadership literature built on the work of Burns and argued that leadership is an influence process which motivates followers to perform above their expected output by raising the followers level of consciousness about the importance and values of the shared goals, operating beyond their self-interests and addressing higher level needs'(Bass 1985). He also suggested that transformational and transactional leadership models where a continuum rather than mutually exclusive entities. Four qualities or behavioural have been widely cited as the leadership factors which are an integral part of transformational leadership- the 4 IS(Bass 1985; Avolio, Waldman et al. 1991) namely: idealised influence-describes the ability of the leader to act as role model s whose followers emulate. This factor is sometimes mentioned as being the same as charisma; inspirational motivation-the ability to inspire the members of the group to become integrated with the vision of the organisation while transcending their own self-interest ; intellectual stimulation-the stimulation of creativity and innovation in the followers so that they are able to discover and develop new ways of sorting out issues within the organisation as they arise; and individualised consideration-portrays the need for leaders to recognise the strength and weakness of each member of the group foster on the development of followers and help each in the achievement of goals through personal development. Transactional leadership, on the other hand, is one based on reward for performance. A transactional leader is described by (Bass 1985)as one who prefers a leader-member exchange relationship, in which the leader meets the needs of the followers in exchange for meeting basic expectations. In essence, a transactional leader has a penchant for avoiding risks and is able to build confidence in subordinates to allow them to achieve goals. The transactional leadership construct has three components: Contingent reward -clarifies what is expected from followers and what they will receive if they meet expectations. Active management by exception- focuses on monitoring tasks and arising problems and correcting these to maintain current performance. Passive -Avoidant Leadership-reacts only after problems become serious and often avoids decision-making(Avolio, Bass et al. 1999). Connective leadership is a theory based on the premise that establishing alliance with other organisations via networking is essential to the success of an organisation. Collaboration between different clinical teams within a hospital and with other health care organisations and service industry exemplifies this.(Klakovich 1994) suggests that empowering staff at all levels facilitates the collaboration and synergism needed in the reformed health care environment of the future. Distributed leadership Clinical leadership Leading change in the University College Hospital Ibadan: a failed effort in transformation? Healthcare in Nigeria is faced with enormous challenges. The University College Hospital Ibadan was established in 1948 is the foremost tertiary hospital in Nigeria. It is basically organised as a public sector organisation whose primary goal is to provide the best available healthcare service in the western region and the country as a whole. Funding is from the Federal Government and its activities are regulated by the Federal Ministry of Health which is also responsible for the implementing healthcare policies. However, a private section of the hospital was established recently modelling the prevalence of internal markets currently prevailing within healthcare. Currently, the University College Hospital produces 1 in every 5 physician in the nation. It was initially commissioned with 500 bed spaces but has now grown to a 850 bed hospital. The current average bed occupancy ranges from 60-70%. The hospital board of management comprises: the Chairman the Chief Medical Director; the Chairman, Medical Advisory Committee; the Secretary of the Board; representatives of public interest; representative of the Nigerian Medical Association; representative of the State Government; representative of the University of Ibadan Senate; representative of the Vice Chancellor of the University of Ibadan; and the Provost of the College of Medicine. The organisation has three principal officers but the day -to -day running of the hospital falls on the Chief Medical Director who demonstrates some attributes of transformational leadership in order to bring about change . Vision To be the flagship tertiary health care institution in the  West Africa  sub-region, offering world-class training, research and services, and the first choice for seeking specialist health care in a conducive atmosphere, renowned for a culture of continuing and compassionate care'(University College Hospital Ibadan 2009). Mission Statement Rendering excellent, prompt, affordable, and accessible health care in an environment that promotes hope and dignity, irrespective of status, and developing high quality health personnel in an atmosphere that stimulates excellent and relevant research. (University College Hospital Ibadan 2009). The Chief Medical Director is an assigned leader-one whose leadership is based on formal position and legitimate authority .His appointment by the Federal Government in 2003 was proposed to be vital contribute to the improvement of the hospital. A trained obstetrician, he participates actively in the care of pregnant women. With increasing satisfaction of healthcare staff, patient satisfaction rates began increase. A new magnetic resonance imaging ,centre, cancer treatment and research centre.new innovationsthe bank to collect..Satellite pharmacies were established in order to reduce the time and effort spent by staff in getting patient medications. staff development through exchange programmes, establishment of day care centres.shows his entrepreneurial qualities. Despite it all, mortality rates remain high, medical errors are frequent, post operative patients developed infections frequently and physicians were verbally and physically abused by patient relatives. Private patients get more attention from the junior doctors and other specialist consultants. It has now been found wanting in serving the needs of the local population. Repeated nurses strike ,junior workers strike .. SWOT analysis of the University College Hospital Ibadan Strengths Weaknesses Fairly well-equipped operating theatres Large newly renovated and well-built hospital blocks Excellent medical microbiology services, including HIV testing Residential accommodation for house officers and other specialist trainees Strong alliance with international organisations for infectious diseases research Expensive laboratory services Relative shortage of medical staff Politicisation of board of management appointments Weak administrative set-up Expensive pharmacy services Inadequate funding Delay in staff remuneration Few opportunities for exchange programmes for students and residents Inadequate supply of electricity Opportunities Threats Federal Governments commitment to the development of tertiary care More research funding Competition from existing private and missionary hospitals Incessant industrial actions embarked upon by nursing staff, physicians and support staff Critical analysis of the leadership approach in Despite recognition that transformational leadership has some positive benefits, it is particularly difficult to act out within public services organizations Frederickson 1996 cited in (Currie 2005).Though with its own merits, the view that transformational leadership is the solution for healthcare leadership has been criticised. While there are advantages of using the transformational approach, it is not a universal panacea. Transformational leadership alone cannot account for effective outcomes in this health care organisation. Other aspects like of organisational behaviour such as management practices, knowledge management, and organisational culture are also key determinants. A US study of 370 hospitals explored the relationship between leadership, quality and knowledge management and found that transformational leadership is fully mediated by knowledge responsiveness in its effect on organisational performance (Gowen, Henagan et al. 2009). Effective knowledge management is thus strong confounder in the relationship between leadership and organisational performance. In relation to organisational culture, there is also a link between hospital and ward culture with patient outcomes. Research has shown that hospitals with a strong hand-washing policy and practice recorded fewer infections. Transformational leadership, while focusing on change, may not be in consonance with performance management needed for accountability in healthcare(Firth-Cozens and Mowbray 2001). The context in which a leadership style operates is also a key determinant on outcome irrespective of leadership style. Studies have shown the relationship physician working hours, stress, and burnout on quality of care and patient outcomes (Firth-Cozens and Cording 2004; Landrigan, Rothschild et al. 2004).Tackling job stress is thus a key avenue for improving quality of care. The Chief Medical Director needs to understand the complexity within which healthcare is delivered and translate it to his practice setting rather than trying to adopt a prescribed process. Conclusion This essay has highlighted a number of leadership theories, skills, style leadership in healthcare has been assessed. There is no perfect style or approach to leadership and healthcare organisations pose a complex setting. Several approaches may operate simultaneously. Context, political environment and social factors will affect leadership styles and approach. Clarifying the situation of a practise and flexibility is very important. Numerous challenges face healthcare organisations in Nigeria. The ability to deliver safe, effective, high quality care within organisations with the right cultures, the best systems, and the most highly skilled and motivated work forces will be the key to meeting this challenge. Conflicts still exist as to what constitutes good practice in leadership and there is no perfect set of prescriptions for effective leadership. All the existing theories merely provide a framework for which practise can be based. Healthcare organisations are a complex setting and to achieve efficiency and effectiveness, healthcare leaders need to be very flexible in their leadership .The University College Hospital should adopt an blend of different theories and styles in practice. Recommendations Leadership can be taught (Parks 2005)and improved through organising leadership development programme. It is also noted that leadership development programmes improved efficiency and quality in healthcare(McAlearney 2008). Top management and clinical staff can take these.(Kotter 1990) suggests that organisations can nurture and grow their own leaders while adapting to constant changes(Parks 2005) There appears a need for leadership approaches that are sensitive to a context in which there are significant professional and moral concerns graeme.

Landmines :: essays research papers

Landmines A recent report on the ban the production and the use of landmines which appeared in the International Post caught my attention. Credit for the lucidly written report should be given to Ms Kazka, a colleague of mine, who illuminated the pertinent issues involved in the controversy revolving the production of landmines. Although the Philippines is fortunate enough not to have experienced the anguish of states like Afghanistan and Bosnia, we as a nation, averse at atrocities brought about by warfare, should contribute to the advancement of this noble cause of banning the production, the use and the demining of landmines. As Ms Kazka reported, each day landmines kill or wound an estimated 75 people worldwide. Ninety percent of these victims are civilians. Among the victims may be a teenage girl gathering firewood in Cambodia. A grandfather herding sheep in Afghanistan. Or a boy running across an empty field in Angola. What makes antipersonnel mines so abhorrent is the indiscriminate destruction they cause. Mines cannot be aimed. They lie dormant until a person or animal triggers their detonating mechanism. Antipersonnel mines cannot distinguish between the footfall of a soldier and that of a child. Those who survive the initial blast usually require amputations, long hospital stays, and extensive rehabilitative services. These people do not usually recover from the psychological strain that the explosions cause. Moreover, they are discriminated by people in their respective society and are considered lower class people. Vivid images of the leg-less people were described in detail by the report In Cambodia alone there are over 35,000 amputees injured by anti-personnel landmines--and they are the survivors. Many others die in the fields from loss of blood or lack of transport to get medical help. Mine deaths and injuries in the past few decades total in the hundreds of thousands. Landmines are now a daily threat in Afghanistan, Angola, Bosnia, Cambodia, Chechnya, Croatia, Iraq, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Somalia, and dozens of other countries. Mines recognize no cease-fire and long after the fighting has stopped they continue to maim or kill. Mines also render large tracts of agricultural land unusable, wreaking environmental and economic devastation. Refugees returning to their war-ravaged countries face this life-threatening obstacle to rebuilding their lives. Leading producers and exporters of antipersonnel mines in the past 25 years include China, Italy, the former Soviet Union, and the United States. More than 50 countries have manufactured as many as 200 million antipersonnel landmines in the last 25 years. Landmines :: essays research papers Landmines A recent report on the ban the production and the use of landmines which appeared in the International Post caught my attention. Credit for the lucidly written report should be given to Ms Kazka, a colleague of mine, who illuminated the pertinent issues involved in the controversy revolving the production of landmines. Although the Philippines is fortunate enough not to have experienced the anguish of states like Afghanistan and Bosnia, we as a nation, averse at atrocities brought about by warfare, should contribute to the advancement of this noble cause of banning the production, the use and the demining of landmines. As Ms Kazka reported, each day landmines kill or wound an estimated 75 people worldwide. Ninety percent of these victims are civilians. Among the victims may be a teenage girl gathering firewood in Cambodia. A grandfather herding sheep in Afghanistan. Or a boy running across an empty field in Angola. What makes antipersonnel mines so abhorrent is the indiscriminate destruction they cause. Mines cannot be aimed. They lie dormant until a person or animal triggers their detonating mechanism. Antipersonnel mines cannot distinguish between the footfall of a soldier and that of a child. Those who survive the initial blast usually require amputations, long hospital stays, and extensive rehabilitative services. These people do not usually recover from the psychological strain that the explosions cause. Moreover, they are discriminated by people in their respective society and are considered lower class people. Vivid images of the leg-less people were described in detail by the report In Cambodia alone there are over 35,000 amputees injured by anti-personnel landmines--and they are the survivors. Many others die in the fields from loss of blood or lack of transport to get medical help. Mine deaths and injuries in the past few decades total in the hundreds of thousands. Landmines are now a daily threat in Afghanistan, Angola, Bosnia, Cambodia, Chechnya, Croatia, Iraq, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Somalia, and dozens of other countries. Mines recognize no cease-fire and long after the fighting has stopped they continue to maim or kill. Mines also render large tracts of agricultural land unusable, wreaking environmental and economic devastation. Refugees returning to their war-ravaged countries face this life-threatening obstacle to rebuilding their lives. Leading producers and exporters of antipersonnel mines in the past 25 years include China, Italy, the former Soviet Union, and the United States. More than 50 countries have manufactured as many as 200 million antipersonnel landmines in the last 25 years.

Unconditional Love in E.B. Whites Charlottes Web Essay -- English Li

Unconditional Love in E.B. White's Charlotte's Web In fantasy like Charlotte's Web, the animals are true to their natures, yet similar to people. They think and worry and love and hurt and laugh and needle one another as people do. In Charlotte's Web, human truths of friendship and love are revealed. I strongly agree with the statement that Charlotte is truly the ideal role model of unconditional love and will support my stand by highlighting Charlotte's selfless acts, contrasting her with Templeton, showing why he is the complete opposite of her, comparing her with other models of love such as Fern, Mrs. Arable and the goose and lastly, proving that Wilbur's change is a result of her unconditional love. We know Charlotte's nature very well. She was Wilbur's best friend and saviour; beautiful and intelligent. As White put it, "It's not often that someone comes along who is a true friend and a good writer. Charlotte was both." She is not only motherly, but hardworking, and her web words prove it. She is the same wise and selfless character at the end of the story that she was at the beginning, which makes her the ideal model of unconditional love. In Wilbur's first conversation with Charlotte, Wilbur's discovery of how Charlotte survives impedes their new friendship, "Charlotteis fierce, brutal, scheming, bloodthirsty- everything I don't like. How can I learn to like her, even though she is pretty and, of course, clever?" The friendship looked questionable. But White reassures us by saying "she has a kind heart, and she was to prove loyal to the very end." The development of what seemed like an impossible relationship reveals and defines unconditional love. Charlotte's profound love for Wilbur ... ... and contrasting Charlotte with the other characters in Charlotte's Web has shown that the degree of Charlotte's love is incomparable and irreplaceable. She is indeed the ideal role model of unconditional love. Bibliography Book - White, E. B. (1952). Charlotte's Web. Hamish Hamilton. - White, E. B. (1999). Salutations! Wit and Wisdom from Charlotte's Web. HarperCollins Publishers - Lukens, R. J. (1995). A Critical Handbook of Children's Literature. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers Journal - Marion, G. (1973). E.B. White's Unexpected Items of Enchantment. Children's Literature in Education, 11, 104-115. Internet Resource - Huntley, C., Phillips, M.A. (1994). Storytelling Output Report for Charlotte's Web. Retrieved February 29, 2004, from http://www.dramatica.com/story/analyses/analyses/charlottesweb.html

Genetic Engineering Essay -- science

Genetic Engineering Two years ago, genetically engineered bacteria, which unexpectently killed beneficial soil fungi, escaped into sewers through human error and have become toxic to plants and survived when expected not to.3 These are the sorts of consequences that come with playing God. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - the chemical compound that makes up the genes and determines the type of proteins a cell can make - is the core of genetic engineering. It can be manipulated in ways we could never dream of such as a new species of a catwoman or fishman. There are so many questions that each person must ask each other before making any sort of decision that would effect the future of genetic engineering towards humans. The risks of DNA combinations can be enormous and unexpected such as the formation of bacteria resistant to antibiotics, linkage of DNA molecules with tumour-causing viruses and the introduction of toxin-formation or antibiotic resistant genes.1 Thus all risks must be taken into consideration. Genetic engineering has already been demonstrated in cattle and studies have shown linkage of DNA molecules with ulcers, cancer and heart disease.1 Unfortunately, regulation of biochemical research ethics has been erratic and half-hearted for years. The United States allowed its only national bioethics commission to expire in 1989. 2 As for in-vitro research, the Reagan Administration cancelled federal funding a decade ago. 2 So work in this area has been priv...

Why Smoking is Bad for You

Did you know that the primary cause of death around the world is smoking? Are you aware that every cigarette you smoke reduces your expected lifespan by eleven minutes? And that 4. 9 million people world wide dies as a result of smoking? Smoking Is a common and popular occurrence and also responsible for approximately ninety percent of lung cancer deaths. Smoking is a bad habit and is also very hazardous to those who don't smoke. So, before you act heedless, stop and think about what smoking will do to you and the people around you. Smoking cigarettes is a commonly pastime in the United States.At almost ever super market or gas station there are ads encouraging you to buy cigarettes. Which the smoke from the cigarettes contains over seven-thousand chemicals, sixty-nine of them are known to cause cancer which eventually lead to your dead. There are kids getting Influenced by these ads. Smoking Is abhorrent because it's not good for you health, not only good for your health but does as much damage to the ones around you, and It also makes drastic changes In your appearance. One of the many reasons why I think smoking is bad for you is obviously because of al the health problems smoking causes.From smoking just one cigarette can lead you on your way to cancer because of the nicotine it contains. Nicotine does not cause cancer, it is an addictive drug. This can eventually make you go from one innocent smoke to multiple smokes, which then leads you to being an addict and from addict to patient with lung cancer. In other words your death sentence and I know you don't want that for yourself. In a way by smoking you encourage cancer. Because you know what cancer can lead to so Instead of wasting your money on a cancer suck you should donate It to find a DOD cause, for Instance finding a cure to cancer association.You may say â€Å"But smoking helps me when I'm stressed out† or â€Å"Smoking makes you look cool† please no disrespect but please keep your tr ap shut. If you're stressed find something besides smoking, find a hobby, go for a run, and make a plastic of your favorite songs that help you stay calm, or eat if that helps you and for smoking being ‘cool' do you think its cool when there are infants who breathe second hand smoke and causes them have weaker lungs than other babies. Do you think it's fair? Or do you think is so ‘cool' hat there is patients painfully dying in hospitals because they decided to smoke and now are suffering the consequences?If you do please think again its not cool or funny It Isn't safe for yourself or others around you. Now please stop Influencing smoking and realize how smoking Is a major Issue because It affects you and your loved ones. When I think of smoking I think of all the different ways people can make a change in this situation instead of encouraging it. Please think before you decide you need another cigarette to release some stress or because others think your cool Just becaus e you smoke something so harmful.

Gran Torino Essay

After a while, the two bonded and where Walt helped him through manhood by toughening him up, providing dating advice and helping him get a job in construction. During this, Walt learned that Thao had tried to steal the car to be a part of the gang that he confronted earlier in the movie. Throughout the rest of the movie, the gang had harassed Thao by destroying his construction tools, conducted a drive-by shooting, sexual and physically assaulting Thao’s sister. He then realized that Thao and his sister will never safe as long as the gang is still in the neighbourhood. For this reason, he had gone to the gang member house and committed one final act to help save them. In this paper, the effects of social construction of race and how it is portrayed in the film will be examined. First, the concept of social construction will be analyzed, providing an overview of the definition and its effects. Furthermore, how it is illustrated in the film will be examined. Race as a Social Concept Historically, race has been utilized to differentiate individuals based on their biological and physical appearance. Traits including body shape, skin color and hair style were used to divide individuals into particular racial group (Machery and Faucher, 2005, pp. 1208). However, no empirical evidence exists to supports these classifications. This, in turn shows that differentiations are not rooted biologically or based on getting differences. Rather, the concept of race is explained through process of social construction. Through the lenses of social constructionism, it does not deny the evident physical differences in skin color and characteristics of individuals (Rothenberg, 2008, pp. 10). It simply sees these differences on a continuum of diversity rather than as reflecting innate genetic differences among people† (Rothenberg, 2008, pp. 10). Therefore, race exists due to society’s placing significance on the differentiation between individuals. Effects of Social Construct of Race Takaki stated that â€Å"race†¦has been a social construction that has historically set apart rac ial minorities from European immigrant groups† (as cited in Rothenberg, 2008, pp. 9). Throughout time, the categorization of race had form white hierarchy and domination over other groups of race. This in turn caused an effect of inequality, marginalization and unfair treatment towards particular groups. Asians, Blacks, Aboriginals, and Latinos are among the groups who are subjected to this form of treatment. Some examples include the justification of enslavement of black people, and the denial of access to Canada for non-white individuals. The success behind these social constructs is these divisions of race appear to be natural and a part of everyday lives rendering it to be invisible (Perry, 2011, pp. 16). Thus making it easy to be taken for granted (Perry, 2011, pp. 6). As Michael Omi and Howard Winant (1994) stated, Everyone learns some combination, some version, of the rules of racial classification, and of her own racial identity, often without obvious teaching or conscious inculcation. Thus we are inserted in a comprehensively racialized social structure. Race becomes ‘common sense’—a way of comprehending and being in the world. (as cited in Perry, 2011, pp. 16) Therefore individuals are aware of these divisions but choose to accept it as it has become a natural dynamic in society. Identifying Asian The concept of race is a social process that constructs differences creating divisions among individuals. Throughout time, the classification of certain groups has resulted in prejudice and stereotyping of particular racial groups. This is portrayed in one scene in Gran Torino when Walt was looking with scorn at Thao’s grandmother and said, â€Å"Why the hell do this chinks have to move in this neighborhood for? † (Eastwood, 2009). The protagonist’s use of the word â€Å"chinks† shows the stereotypical label of the Asian community. Chinks† is used to refer to the epicanthic fold found in the inner angle of the eye (wisegeek, n. d. ). This use of this term is associated to the racialization of the Asian race because this difference in appearance was utilized to negatively identify members of this group. Other perceptions in the film include Walt’s snarky comments such as â€Å"aren’t Asians supposed to be smart? Or the assumption as the Hmong as â€Å"jungle people† (Eastwood, 2009). These stereotypical and prejudiced statements are seen extensively throughout the movie. The irony of it is the statements reflect society’s views of the Asian identity. This leads to the notion that through the social process of differentiating groups based on racial traits and characteristics leads to the division of races with the effect of oppressing some. This, sequentially cause the stereotypical and prejudiced associations to be made. If society had not placed a meaning on physical appearance or characteristics, the racial assumption would not exist. Furthermore, if no classification were made towards these individuals, the Asian race will not exist. Youth Asian as Gang Members The Montreal police define a street gang as ‘a group of individuals, usually adolescents and/or young adults, who use the power of group intimidation in order to carry out, on a more or less regular basis, violent criminal acts’ (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, pp. 116). Police documentation had identified five ethnic groups where street gangs originated (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 117). Among the five is the Asiatic ethnic group (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 117). The process of police construct of race in terms of street gangs involves the process of racialization (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 123). Robert Miles defines it as â€Å"a process of categorization through which social relations between people are structured by the signification of human biological characteristics in such a way as to define and constructs social collectivities† (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 12). It is when negative characteristics, traits and behaviour are associated with particular groups (Jiwani, 2011, pp. 43). This is due the perception and presumed differences of the group (Jiwani, 2011, pp. 43). In terms of the police construction of police, this can be seen through the provision of â€Å"Images of violence-prone ‘ethnic youth’ from war-torn countries (it is taken as given that the ‘ethnic youth’ in question are male) (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 123). When compared to children in Quebec, Ontario, a police man stated â€Å" ‘ Here in [Quebec] our kids are born with a hocky puck in their hand, but there [a country of origin of immigrants] they come into the world with a grenade in their hands† (Symons, 2002, pp. 18)†The culture belief portrays the racialization of the street gang issue (Symons, 2002, pp. 118). The ideology that street gangs originated from the upbringing in a war-torn country signifies street gangs as an immigration issue. As another police stated â€Å"‘They have guns there [in country of origin],â€⠄¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ‘It’s part of their more’† (Symons, 2002, pp. 118). This is seen with the portrayal of the Hmong gang in Gran Torino. Earlier in the film, Sue had shared to Walt that the reason they resided in America and is to escape the violence that is occurring in their homeland (Eastwood, 2009). By providing this background story of escaping a war torn country and the portrayal of young Asiatic gangs terrorizing the neighborhood, supports the racialization of Asiatic gang members. This has come from the social process of constructing that living a life in a war-torn country makes the individual a gang member. Since this living condition is associated with the Asian youth, these members are automatically perceived as a gang member. Other scenes in the film include the portrayal of the ethnic group Latinos as gang members, which are also identified as the patent of street gangs Minority groups and Immigrants as Criminals A key stereotype of Asians race is that of the mysterious, devious, fearsome Asian† (Zong and Perry, 2011, pp. 115). This consecutively marks the group as different and foreign which causes them to be feared and avoided. (Zong and Perry, 2011, pp. 115). Within society this is reflected through minorities and immigrants being â€Å"over police and under protected† by the criminal justice system (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 69). Often times, during the legal process, immigrants are provided longer sentences and severe punishments compare to those who have lived in Canada for 20 years and more (Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 8). In terms of other minority groups, Blacks and Aboriginals are overrepresented in the correctional system ((Zong and Perry, 2011, pp. 115). Individuals in society are aware of these unfair treatments, but many still links race and crime together. This is due to the belief and perception of immigrants and minorities as dangerous and different. It is important to note that these factors cannot be found when looking at the white population. This leads to the notion that â€Å"‘Canadians’ do not break the law, but racialized ‘immigrant groups do’† (Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 9). The portrayal of minority groups and immigrants in the film can be seen when no white individual is shown to be a criminal. The members of the street gangs were of Latino, Black and Asian descents. The white characters portrayed were successful businessmen, a hero and a priest. In fact, the protagonist was a Korean War veteran where he killed several men in battle. Instead of being convicted for his actions, he was provided a medal of honor. The portrayal of these scenes shows that white individuals do not commit crime and so cannot be identified as criminals. Society had classified certain inviduals to be part of the Asian and Black race dividing them from the white population. Throughout various events and social processes the perception of Asian and Black race to be dangerous was constructed. This in turn had let these groups to be viewed as criminals. This is believed to be taken a significant effect due to unfair treatment and portrayal of minorities and immigrant in the criminal justice system. White as ‘powerful’ The notion of race as a social process has caused an effect where certain groups are marginalized. Within the society, a white individual is the dominant and superior while others are oppressed, and inferior. This perception has led to the view of that the white population is powerful compared to the other racial groups. The portrayal of this can be seen with the protagonist of the film. Thao and the other gang members had gone to his house to attack him. During the fight, Walt comes out pointing a rifle towards the gang threatening them to get off his lawn and leave. By doing this, he earns the respect of Thao’s family and the Hmong community. To show their gratitude, they showered him with gifts, meals and flowers. Through the remainder of the movie, Walt was shown to be a leader, influencer and hero. He was guiding Thao away from becoming a gang member by providing a job, teaching about manhood and purchasing items for him. He was also shown as a savior when he gave up his life so that Thao and his family can live a life without any gang violence. Within the racial context, the representation of Walt as the savior illustrates the ideology that white is powerful, whereas the Asian group is seen to be helpless, powerless and vulnerable. This leads back to the notion of social constructionism where the division of race had caused some groups to be in power and the others as powerless. In this case, the white group is seen to be of dominance while the Asian group is perceived to be inferior and vulnerable. Conclusion A once popular belief in society was that everyone was born into distinctive biologically and natural based differences known as race (Rothenberg, 2008, pp. 9). However as time passed, the notion of race had transformed into the idea that it was created through human interaction known as social construction. In other words, through social processes, the differences between racial groups were constructed and not from nature itself. However, through the development of division among groups, some were placed in a position of power while others in a minority position. Throughout time, the white group have become the dominant and powerful group over other racialized group. This, sequentially have led to several unfair treatment, marginalization, and oppression against this group. These effects have been portrayed in the film Gran Torino in regards to the racial group of the White and Asian. Through social constructionism, prejudices and stereotypical terms have been used to identify the Asians groups. Secondly, the notion of Asian youth as gang members. Thirdly, the perception of Asian individuals as criminals. Lastly, the ideology of white power over Asian groups. These reflections of currents societal beliefs and perception towards the White and Asian groups originated from the process of social construction. In other words, the reason why it the racial groups of Asians and White exist is through social collectivities . If society did not place a meaning towards the differentiation among individuals, race would not exist, thus these assumptions would be of non-existent as well. References Eastwood. C. , Gerber, B. , & Lorenz, R. (Producer). (2009). Gran Torino [Motion Picture]. United States of America: Warner Brothers. Jiwani, Y. (2011). Mediation of Race and Crime. In B. Perry (Ed. ), Diversity crime and justice in Canada. (pp. 39-56). Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. Jiwani, Y. (2002). The criminalization of race and the racialization of crime. In Chan, W. , & Mirchandani, K (Ed. ), Crimes of Colour (pp. 67-86). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. Machery, E. , & Faucher, L. (2005). Social Construction and the Concept of Race. The Philosophy of Science Association, 72, 1208-1219 doi: 0031-8248/2005/7205-004. Perry, B. (2011). Criminal Justice/Social Justice. In B. Perry (Ed. ),  Diversity, crime, and justice in  Canada  (pp. 3-38). Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. Rothenberg, P. (2010). Race, class, and gender in the United States  (8th  ed. ). New York: Worth Publishing Symons, G. (2002). Police constructions of race and gender in street gangs. In Chan, W. , & Mirchandani, K (Ed. ), Crimes of Colour (pp. 115-127). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. Zong, L. , & Perry, B. (2011). Chinese Immigrants in Canada and Social Injustice: From Overt to Covert Racial Discrimination. In B. Perry (Ed. ),  Diversity, crime, and justice in  Canada  (pp. 106-124). Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press.